The following tables demonstrate changes in constitutional rights over time, with particular emphasis on the last two decades. Each column corresponds to a constitutional event that changed the constitution, whether through amendment or the adoption of an entirely new or interim constitution. Expand the categories to read the related constitutional provisions for each time period.
Countries:
Bolivia, Egypt, Fiji, Kenya, Morocco, Nepal, Norway, Rwanda, Tunisia, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
The Bolivian people approved a new constitution via national referendum in 2009, thereby replacing the previous constitution of 1967. The new constitution guarantees both women and men the exercise of sexual and reproductive rights, and is one of the few national constitutions that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.
Constitution of 1967, as amended to 1994 |
Amended 2002 |
New Constitution 2009 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | ||
Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 1967, as amended to 2002
IV. The State shall punish (sancionará) all forms of discrimination and shall implement positive measures to promote real equality among all persons. (Art. 6) Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 2009
II. The Law shall determine the general criteria for the election of members of the departmental assemblies, taking into account population, territorial, cultural identity and linguistic representation when there are rural native indigenous minorities, and parity and alternation of gender. The Statutes of Autonomy shall define its application in accordance with the specific reality and conditions of its jurisdiction. (Art. 278) |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | ||
Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 1967, as amended to 1994
I. Every human being has legal personality and capacity, in accordance with the laws. He enjoys the rights, freedoms, and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to race, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, origin, economic or social condition, or any other. Bolivian men and women who are over eighteen years of age are citizens, regardless of their educational, occupational, or income levels. (Art. 41) Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 1967, as amended to 2002
I. Every human being possesses juridical personality and capacity, in accordance with the laws. Everyone enjoys the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to race, gender, language, religion, political or other views, origin, economic or social condition, or any other. Bolivian men and women who are over eighteen years of age are citizens, regardless of their educational, occupational, or income levels. (Art. 41) Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 2009
… A State based on respect and equality for all, on principles of sovereignty, dignity, interdependence, solidarity, harmony, and equity in the distribution and redistribution of the social wealth, … (Preamble) II. The State is based on the values of unity, equality, inclusion, dignity, liberty, solidarity, reciprocity, respect, interdependence, harmony, transparency, equilibrium, equality of opportunity, social and gender equality in participation, common welfare, responsibility, social justice, distribution and redistribution of the social wealth and assets for well being. (Art. 8)
The following are essential purposes and functions of the State, in addition to those established in the Constitution and the law: I. The Republic of Bolivia adopts a participatory democratic, representative and communal form of government, with equal conditions for men and women. … (Art. 11)
I. Every human being, without distinction, has legal status and capacity under the law and enjoys the rights recognized in this Constitution. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | |||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | ||
Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 1967, as amended to 1994
Citizenship consists of: Bolivian men and women who are over eighteen years of age are citizens, regardless of their educational, occupational, or income levels. (Art. 41) Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 1967, as amended to 2002
Citizenship consists of: Bolivian men and women who are over eighteen years of age are citizens, regardless of their educational, occupational, or income levels. (Art. 41) Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 2009
II. The State is based on the values of unity, equality, inclusion, dignity, liberty, solidarity, reciprocity, respect, interdependence, harmony, transparency, equilibrium, equality of opportunity, social and gender equality in participation, common welfare, responsibility, social justice, distribution and redistribution of the social wealth and assets for well being. (Art. 8)
I. The Republic of Bolivia adopts as its form of government the participatory, representative and communitarian democracy, with equivalent conditions among men and women.
The duties of Bolivians are:
I. All Bolivians are citizens and exercise their citizenship rights from the age of 18, whatever may be their level of education, occupation or income. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | |||
No provisions. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | |||
No provisions. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | ||
Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 2009
Women and men are guaranteed the exercise of their sexual rights and their reproductive rights. (Art. 66) |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | + | ||
Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia 2009
II. The State prohibits and punishes all forms of discrimination based on sex, color, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, origin, culture, nationality, citizenship, language, religious belief, ideology, political affiliation or philosophy, civil status, economic or social condition, type of occupation, level of education, disability, pregnancy, and any other discrimination that attempts to or results in the annulment of or harm to the equal recognition, enjoyment or exercise of the rights of all people. |
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Women’s Rights | |||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
Following the revolution of 2011, Egypt was briefly governed by a provisional constitution and then the short-lived constitution of 2012. A new constitution was adopted in 2014 which instituted a first-ever National Council for Women and expanded on many of the rights previously provided by the 1971 constitution.
Constitution of 1971, as amended to 1980 |
Amended 2007 |
Interim 2011 |
New 2012 |
New 2014 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | – | + | + | ||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 1980
The State shall guarantee the proper coordination between the duties of woman towards the family and her work in the society, considering her equal with man in the fields of political, social, cultural and economic life without violation of the rules of Islamic jurisprudence. (Art. 11) Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
No provisions. Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2012
The dignity of the individual is part and parcel of the dignity of the homeland and a country in which women are not respected has no dignity; for women are the sisters of men and partners in national gains and responsibilities. ... Equality and equal opportunities are for all: male and female citizens; for there is no discrimination, nepotism, or favoritism in rights and duties. ... (Preamble) Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
The State shall ensure the achievement of equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | + | + | ||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 1980
The State shall guarantee the proper coordination between the duties of woman towards the family and her work in the society, considering her equal with man in the fields of political, social, cultural and economic life without violation of the rules of Islamic jurisprudence. (Art. 11) All citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties without discrimination between them due to race, ethnic origin, language, religion or creed. (Art. 40) Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
Law applies equally to all citizens, and they are equal in rights and general duties. They may not be discriminated against due to race, origin, language, religion, or creed. (Art. 6) Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2012
The dignity of the individual is part and parcel of the dignity of the homeland and a country in which women are not respected has no dignity; for women are the sisters of men and partners in national gains and responsibilities. ... Equality and equal opportunities are for all: male and female citizens; for there is no discrimination, nepotism, or favoritism in rights and duties. ... (Preamble) The state commits to ensuring safety, security and equal opportunity for all citizens without discrimination. (Art. 9) All citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties. There can be no discrimination between them in that regard. (Art. 33) Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
… We are drafting a Constitution that holds all of us equal in rights and duties without discrimination of any kind. Sovereignty belongs only to the people, who shall exercise and protect it. The people are the source of powers, and safeguard their national unity that is based on the principles of equality, justice and equal opportunities among all citizens, as stated in the Constitution. (Art. 4) The State shall ensure equal opportunities for all citizens without discrimination. (Art 9) The State shall ensure the achievement of equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. … (Art. 11) All citizens are equal before the Law. They are equal in rights, freedoms and general duties, without discrimination based on religion, belief, sex, origin, race, color, language, disability, social class, political or geographic affiliation or any other reason. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | + | ||||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
The law shall specify the independent national councils, including the National Council for Human Rights, the National Council for Women, the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood, and the National Council for Disabled Persons. The law shall state the composition, mandates, and guarantees for the independence and neutrality of their respective members. Each council shall have the right to report to the competent authorities any violations pertaining to their fields of work. … (Art. 214) |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | – | + | + | ||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 1980
The State shall guarantee the proper coordination between the duties of woman towards the family and her work in the society, considering her equal with man in the fields of political, social, cultural and economic life without violation of the rules of Islamic jurisprudence. (Art. 11) Public offices are the right of all citizens and an assignment for their occupants in the service of the people. ... (Art. 14) Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
No provisions. Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2012
The dignity of the individual is part and parcel of the dignity of the homeland and a country in which women are not respected has no dignity; for women are the sisters of men and partners in national gains and responsibilities. ... Equality and equal opportunities are for all: male and female citizens; for there is no discrimination, nepotism, or favoritism in rights and duties. ... (Preamble) ... The state guarantees maternal and child services free of charge, and guarantees the reconciliation between the duties of a woman toward her family and her work. ... (Art.10) Citizen participation in public life is a national duty. Every citizen has the right to vote, run for elections, and express opinions in referendums. The law organizes the direct application of these rights. ... (Art. 55) Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
The State shall ensure the achievement of equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. Public offices are a competence-based right for all citizens without bias or favoritism, and are deemed a mandate to serve the people. … (Art. 14) |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | + | + | – | ||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 2007
Citizens shall have the right to vote and express their opinions in referendums in accordance with the provisions of the law. Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
The law will govern the right of candidacy for the People's Assembly and Shoura Councils according to the determined electoral system including at a minimum the participation of women in both assemblies. (Art. 38) Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2012
No provisions. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | + | – | + | ||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 2007
Citizens shall have the right to vote and express their opinions in referendums in accordance with the provisions of the law. Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
No provisions. Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
Every local unit shall elect a local council by direct and secret ballot for a term of four years. A candidate shall be at least twenty one (21) Gregorian years of age. The law shall regulate the other conditions for candidacy and procedures of election, provided that one quarter of the seats shall be allocated to youth under thirty five (35) years of age and one quarter shall be allocated for women, and that workers and farmers shall be represented by no less than 50 percent of the total number of seats, and these percentages shall include an appropriate representation of Christians and people with disability. … (Art. 180) |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | |||||
No provisions. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | |||||
No provisions. |
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Women’s Rights | – | + | |||
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, as amended to 1980
The State shall guarantee the proper coordination between the duties of woman towards the family and her work in the society, considering her equal with man in the fields of political, social, cultural and economic life without violation of the rules of Islamic jurisprudence. (Art. 11) Interim Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2011
No provisions. Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014
The State shall ensure the achievement of equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed | |
(No active constitution) |
Following the suspension of the constitution in 2009, Fiji lacked an active constitution until the president signed a new constitution into law in 2013. The new constitution restored many of the rights provided by the previous constitution and notably added provisions on reproductive health care.
Constitution of 1997, as amended to 1998 |
No active constitution 2009–2012 |
New Constitution 2013 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 1997, as amended to 1998
The people of the Fiji Islands recognise that, within the framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the State, the conduct of government is based on the following principles: (1) Every person has the right to equality before the law. The recruitment of persons to a state service, the promotion of persons within a state service and the management of a state service must be based on the following principles: Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013
(3) A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her— |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 1997, as amended to 1998
The people of the Fiji Islands recognise that, within the framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the State, the conduct of government is based on the following principles: (1) Every person has the right to equality before the law. Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013
… DECLARE that we are all Fijians united by common and equal citizenry; … (Preamble) 1. The Republic of Fiji is a sovereign democratic State founded on the values of— (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, all Fijians have equal status and identity, which means that they are equally— (1) Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection, treatment and benefit of the law. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | |||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 1997, as amended to 1998
(4) Every person has the right of access, without discrimination on a prohibited ground, to shops, hotels, lodging-houses, public restaurants, places of public entertainment, public transport services, taxis and public places. The recruitment of persons to a state service, the promotion of persons within a state service and the management of a state service must be based on the following principles: Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013
(3) A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her— |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | |||
No provisions. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | |||
No provisions. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013
(1) The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to health, and to the conditions and facilities necessary to good health, and to health care services, including reproductive health care. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 1997, as amended to 1998
(1) Every person has the right to equality before the law. Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013
(3) A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her— |
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Women’s Rights | |||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
Kenya’s constitution of 2010 replaced the independence-era 1963 constitution and established detailed gender quotas for elected public bodies at both the national and subnational level.
Constitution of 1963, as amended to 1999 |
New Constitution 2010 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 1963, as amended to 1999
(1) Subject to this session, there shall be twelve nominated members of the National Assembly appointed by the President following a general election, to represent special interests. Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
(1) Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. Parliament shall enact legislation to promote the representation in Parliament of— (1) The Judicial Service Commission shall promote and facilitate the independence and accountability of the judiciary and the efficient, effective and transparent administration of justice and shall— (11) The chairperson and vice-chairperson of a commission shall not be of the same gender. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 1963, as amended to 1999
(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (8), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
… RECOGNISING the aspirations of all Kenyans for a government based on the essential values of human rights, equality, freedom, democracy, social justice and the rule of law: … (Preamble) (1) The national values and principles of governance in this Article bind all State organs, State officers, public officers and all persons whenever any of them— (1) Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | ||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 1963, as amended to 1999
(1) Subject to subsections (4), (5) and (8), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
(3) Women and men have the right to equal treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres. (1) There is established the Parliamentary Service Commission. (1) There is established the Judicial Service Commission. (1) The Judicial Service Commission shall promote and facilitate the independence and accountability of the judiciary and the efficient, effective and transparent administration of justice and shall— (1) This Article applies to conflicts between national and county legislation in respect of matters falling within the concurrent jurisdiction of both levels of government. (1) The values and principles of public service include— (11) The chairperson and vice-chairperson of a commission shall not be of the same gender. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 1963, as amended to 1999
(1) Subject to this session, there shall be twelve nominated members of the National Assembly appointed by the President following a general election, to represent special interests. Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
(6) To give full effect to the realisation of the rights guaranteed under this Article, the State shall take legislative and other measures, including affirmative action programmes and policies designed to redress any disadvantage suffered by individuals or groups because of past discrimination. The electoral system shall comply with the following principles— (1) Elections for the seats in Parliament provided for under Articles 97(1)(c) and 98(1)(b), (c) and (d), and for the members of county assemblies under article 177(1)(b) and (c), shall be on the basis of proportional representation by use of party lists. (1) The National Assembly consists of— (1) The Senate consists of— |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
County governments established under this Constitution shall reflect the following principles— A county assembly consists of— (1) Not more than two-thirds of the members of any county assembly or county executive committee shall be of the same gender. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Kenya 2010
(1) Every person has the right to life. 1) Every person has the right— |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | ||
No provisions. |
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Women’s Rights | ||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
Morocco adopted a new constitution by popular referendum in 2011, following a nationwide series of protests demanding political reforms. The 2011 constitution bolstered equality and non-discrimination rights, providing women with equal rights in civil, political, economic, social, and cultural matters.
Constitution of 1972, as amended to 1996 |
New Constitution 2011 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | + |
Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011
… The public powers work for the creation of the conditions permitting the effectiveness of liberty and of the equality of citizens [feminine] and citizens [masculine] to be made general [généraliser], as well as their participation in political, economic, cultural and social life. … (Art. 6) … The State works for the realization of parity between men and women. All the citizens [feminine] and the citizens [masculine] of majority, enjoying their civil and political rights[,] are electors and eligible. The law provides [prévoit] the provisions of [a] nature encouraging the equal access of women and men to the elective functions. … (Art. 30) An organic law establishes notably: |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | |
Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 1972, as amended to 1996
All Moroccans are equal before the law. (Art 5) Men and Women enjoy equal political rights. Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011
With fidelity to its irreversible choice to construct a democratic State of Law, the Kingdom of Morocco resolutely pursues the process of consolidation and of reinforcement of the institutions of a modern State, having as its bases the principles of participation, of pluralism and of good governance. It develops a society of solidarity where all enjoy security, liberty, equality of opportunities, of respect for their dignity and for social justice, within the framework of the principle of correlation between the rights and the duties of the citizenry. The law is the supreme expression of the will of the Nation. All, physical or moral persons, and including the public powers, are equal before it and held to submit themselves to it. The man and the woman enjoy, in equality, the rights and freedoms of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental character, enounced in this Title and in the other provisions of the Constitution, as well as in the international conventions and pacts duly ratified by Morocco and this, with respect for the provisions of the Constitution, of the constants [constantes] of the Kingdom and of its laws. … The State looks to guarantee the equality of opportunities for all and [to] one specific protection for the socially disfavored categories. (Art. 35) |
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Gender Equality Machineries | + | |
Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011
The man and the woman enjoy, in equality, the rights and freedoms of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental character, enounced in this Title and in the other provisions of the Constitution, as well as in the international conventions and pacts duly ratified by Morocco and this, with respect for the provisions of the Constitution, of the constants [constantes] of the Kingdom and of its laws. The authority charged with parity and with the struggle against all forms of discrimination, created by virtue of Article 19 of this Constitution, sees[,] notably[,] to the respect for the rights and freedoms specified in said Article, under reserve of the attributions devolved to the National Council of the Rights of Man. (Art. 164) |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | |
Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 1972, as amended to 1996
All citizens have access, under equal conditions, to public functions and public employment. (Art. 12) Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011
… The public powers work for the creation of the conditions permitting the effectiveness of liberty and of the equality of citizens [feminine] and citizens [masculine] to be made general [généraliser], as well as their participation in political, economic, cultural and social life. … (Art. 6) The man and the woman enjoy, in equality, the rights and freedoms of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental character, enounced in this Title and in the other provisions of the Constitution, as well as in the international conventions and pacts duly ratified by Morocco and this, with respect for the provisions of the Constitution, of the constants [constantes] of the Kingdom and of its laws. The State, the public establishments and the territorial collectivities work for the mobilization of all the means available [disponibles] to facilitate the equal access of the citizens [feminine] and the citizens [masculine] to conditions that permit their enjoyment of the right: The Superior Council of the Judicial Power is presided over by the King. It is composed: |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | ||
No provisions. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | ||
No provisions. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | ||
No provisions. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | ||
No provisions. |
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Women’s Rights | ||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
Nepal’s interim constitutional regime was replaced by a permanent constitution in 2015. The new constitution provides the most extensive gender equality provisions to date, and is one of the few national constitutions that protects sexual minorities.
Constitution of 1990 |
Interim 2006 |
Amended 2007 |
Amended 2008 |
New 2015 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | + | + | ||
Constitution of Nepal 1990
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (7) The State shall pursue a policy of making the female population participate, to a greater extent, in the task of national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (1) Women, Dalit, indigenous tribes, Madhesi community, oppressed group, the poor peasant and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of proportional inclusive principles. (Art. 21) The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (8) The State shall pursue a policy of encouraging maximum participation of women in national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2008
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (1) Women, Dalit, indigenous tribes, Madhesi community, oppressed group, the poor peasant and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of proportional inclusive principles. (Art. 21) The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (8) The State shall pursue a policy of encouraging maximum participation of women in national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. Constitution of Nepal 2015
(1) All citizens shall be equal before law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of law. (4) Women shall have the right to access participate in all state structures and bodies on the basis of the principle of proportional inclusion. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | + | + | ||
Constitution of Nepal 1990
... AND WHEREAS, it is expedient to promulgate and enforce this Constitution, made with the widest possible participation of the Nepalese people, to guarantee basic human rights to every citizen of Nepal; and also to consolidate the Adult Franchise, the Parliamentary System of Government, Constitutional Monarchy and the System of Multi Party Democracy by promoting amongst the people of Nepal the spirit of fraternity and the bond of unity on the basis of liberty and equality; and also to establish an independent and competent system of justice with a view to transforming the concept of the Rule of Law into a living reality; ... (Preamble) (1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (3) The social objective of the State shall be to establish and develop, on the foundation of justice and morality, a healthy social life, by eliminating all types of economic and social inequalities and by establishing harmony amongst the various castes, tribes, religions, languages, races and communities. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (1) No person shall, on the ground of caste, descent, community or occupation, be subject to racial discrimination and untouchability of any form. Such a discriminating act shall be liable to punishment and the victim shall be entitled to the compensation as provided by the law. (1) No one shall be discriminated in any form merely for being a woman. The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (14) The State shall pursue a policy of making special provision based on positive discrimination to the minorities, landless, squatters, bonded labourers, disabled, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, Dalits, indigenous tribes, Madhesis and Muslims. (1) Inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state shall be made to bring about an end of the discrimination based on class, caste, language, sex, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form of the state. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2008
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws. (1) No person shall, on the ground of caste, descent, community or occupation, be subject to racial discrimination and untouchability of any form. Such a discriminating act shall be liable to punishment and the victim shall be entitled to the compensation as provided by the law. (1) No one shall be discriminated in any form merely for being a woman. The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (14) The State shall pursue a policy of making special provision based on positive discrimination to the minorities, landless, squatters, bonded labourers, disabled, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, Dalits, indigenous tribes, Madhesis and Muslims. (1) Inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the state shall be made to bring about an end of the discrimination based on class, caste, language, sex, culture, religion and region by eliminating the centralized and unitary form of the state. Constitution of Nepal 2015
We, the people of Nepal, in exercise of the sovereign powers inherent in us, … (1) All citizens shall be equal before law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of law. (1) No person shall be treated with any kind of untouchability or discrimination in any private or public place on grounds of caste, ethnicity, origin, community, occupation, or physical condition. (1) It shall be the political objective of the State to strengthen a federal democratic republican system to ensure an atmosphere where democratic rights are exercised by acknowledging sovereignty, independence and integrity of the country to be of utmost importance; by protecting freedom, equality, property and all citizens through rule of law; by embracing the norms and values of fundamental rights and human rights, gender equality, proportional inclusion, participation and social justice; and by maintaining a just system in all spheres of national life in order to establish a government system aimed at public welfare, while maintaining relations between federal units on the basis of cooperation between them, and internalizing the principle of inclusion in the governance system on the basis of local autonomy and decentralization, (6) The Federation, provinces and local levels shall protect Nepal’s independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, autonomy, national interests, overall development, multi-party competitive democratic republic and federal system of governance, human rights and fundamental rights, rule of law, separation of powers and check and balance, equitable society based on plurality and equality, and inclusive representation and identity. (Art. 56) |
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Gender Equality Machineries | + | + | |||
Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
The Government of Nepal may form necessary commissions to safeguard and promote the rights and interests of different sectors of the country including women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic groups [Adivasi Janajati], Madhesi, disabled, labourers or farmers. The provisions for the formation, functions, duties and powers of such commissions shall be as determined by the law. (Art. 154) Constitution of Nepal 2015
(1) There shall be a National Women Commission in Nepal consisting of a Chairperson and four other members. (1) Functions, duties and powers of the Federal Women Commission shall be as follows:- |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | + | + | ||
Constitution of Nepal 1990
(7) The State shall pursue a policy of making the female population participate, to a greater extent, in the task of national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
(1) Women, Dalit, indigenous tribes, Madhesi community, oppressed group, the poor peasant and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of proportional inclusive principles. (Art. 21) The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (2) It shall be the objective of the State to maintain conditions suitable to the enjoyment of the benefits of democracy through maximum participation of the people in the governance of the country by the means of self-governance tribal, linguistic cultural or regional and to promote general welfare by making provisions for the protection and promotion of human rights, by maintaining tranquility and order in the society. (8) The State shall pursue a policy of encouraging maximum participation of women in national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2008
(1) Women, Dalit, indigenous tribes, Madhesi community, oppressed group, the poor peasant and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of proportional inclusive principles. (Art. 21) The State shall have the follows responsibilities: (2) It shall be the objective of the State to maintain conditions suitable to the enjoyment of the benefits of democracy through maximum participation of the people in the governance of the country by the means of self-governance tribal, linguistic cultural or regional and to promote general welfare by making provisions for the protection and promotion of human rights, by maintaining tranquility and order in the society. (8) The State shall pursue a policy of encouraging maximum participation of women in national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment. (4) In the case of formulating and implementing the action plan pursuant to clause (3), determination of the appropriate number of the Nepal Army, its democratic structure and national and inclusive character shall be developed, and training shall be imparted to the army in accordance with the norms and values of democracy and human rights. Constitution of Nepal 2015
(4) Women shall have the right to access participate in all state structures and bodies on the basis of the principle of proportional inclusion. (1) Socially backward women, Dalits, Adibasi, Janajati, Adibasi Janajati, Madhesi, Tharu, minority groups, persons with disability, marginalized groups, Muslim, backward classes, gender and sexually minority groups, youths, peasants, laborers, the oppressed and the citizens of backward regions, and economically poor Khas Arya shall have the right to employment in state structures on the basis of the principle of inclusion. (1) There shall be an organization of Nepal Army, committed to democratic principles, inclusive in character and national in form, for the protection of Nepal’s independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, autonomy and national unity. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | – | + | + | + | |
Constitution of Nepal 1990
(1) The National Assembly shall consist of sixty members as follows:— For the purposes of elections to the House of Representatives, at least five percent of the total number of candidates contesting an election from any organisation or party must be women candidates. (Art. 114) Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
No provisions. Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2007
(1) There shall be a unicameral Legislature-Parliament in Nepal which shall consist of the following 330 members as set out in schedule 2 Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006, as amended to 2008
(1) A Constituent Assembly shall be constituted to formulate a new Constitution by the Nepali people themselves, subject to the provisions of this Constitution. Constitution of Nepal 2015
(1) The House of Representatives shall consist of two hundred and seventy five members as follows:- (1) National Assembly shall be a permanent house. (1) The House of Representatives shall, within fifteen days of commencement of first meeting, elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from among its members. (1) After the commencement of its first session, the National Assembly shall, within fifteen days of commencement of first meeting, elect a Chairperson and Vice chairperson from among its members. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | + | ||||
Constitution of Nepal 2015
(1) Every Provincial Assembly shall consist of the following number of members: - (1) The Provincial Assembly shall elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from among its members within fifteen days of the first meeting of the Assembly. (1) There shall be a Head of Village executive in every Village Council. The Village executive shall be formed under her/his chairpersonship. (1) There shall be a Mayor of the Municipal Executive in every municipality. The municipal executive shall be formed under her/his chair. (3) The District Assembly shall, pursuant to Provincial laws, elect a District Coordination Committee with a maximum of nine members including a Head, a Deputy Head, at least three women and at least one person from the Dalit or minority community. The District Coordination Committee shall execute all tasks to be carried out on behalf of the District Assembly. (1) There shall be a Village Assembly in each Village Council. (1) There shall be one Municipal Assembly in each Municipality. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | + | |||
Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
(1) No one shall be discriminated in any form merely for being a woman. Constitution of Nepal 2015
The State shall pursue the following policies: 10. Planning, family planning and population management |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | + | ||||
Constitution of Nepal 2015
(3) The state shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex, economic condition, language or geographical region, ideology and such other matters. (1) Socially backward women, Dalits, Adibasi, Janajati, Adibasi Janajati, Madhesi, Tharu, minority groups, persons with disability, marginalized groups, Muslim, backward classes, gender and sexually minority groups, youths, peasants, laborers, the oppressed and the citizens of backward regions, and economically poor Khas Arya shall have the right to employment in state structures on the basis of the principle of inclusion. |
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Women’s Rights | + | + | |||
Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006
(1) No one shall be discriminated in any form merely for being a woman. Constitution of Nepal 2015
(1) Every woman shall have equal right to lineage without any gender discriminations. The Government of Nepal shall review and revise, along with census of every ten years, the provisions regarding special rights of the women and Dalit community and its implementation and effectiveness based on human development index. (Art. 281) |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
The constitution of Norway is one of the oldest living constitutions in the world, dating back to 1814. An amendment in 2014 added the explicit guarantee of equality for all.
Constitution of 1814, as amended to 1995 |
Amended 2014 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | ||
No provisions. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | |
Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway 1814, as amended to 2015
All are equals before the law. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | ||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | ||
Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway 1814, as amended to 1995
To senior official posts in the State may be appointed only Norwegian citizens, men or women, who speak the language of the Country, and who at the same time: Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway 1814, as amended to 2015
To senior official posts in the State may be appointed only Norwegian citizens, men or women, who speak the language of the Country, and who at the same time: |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | ||
No provisions. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | ||
No provisions. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | ||
No provisions. |
||
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | ||
No provisions. |
||
Women’s Rights | ||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
|
Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
Many of the rights constitutionally guaranteed to women in Rwanda have remained present in the constitution since its inception in 2003. Notably, women are guaranteed at least 30% of the seats in decision making organs, including each chamber of the national legislature.
Constitution of 2003 |
Amended 2005 |
Amended 2008 |
Amended 2010 |
|
Affirmative Action (Broadly) | ||||
Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
The State of Rwanda commits itself to conform to the following fundamental principles and to promote and enforce the respect thereof: |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | ||||
Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
10. Committed to ensuring equal rights between Rwandans and between women and men without prejudice to the principles of gender equality and complementarity in national development; The State of Rwanda commits itself to conform to the following fundamental principles and to promote and enforce the respect thereof: All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by Law. (Art. 11) All human beings are equal before the law. They shall enjoy, without any discrimination, equal protection of the Law. (Art. 16) Every citizen has the duty to relate to other persons without discrimination and to maintain relations conducive to safeguarding, promoting and reinforcing mutual respect, solidarity and tolerance. (Art. 46) |
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Gender Equality Machineries | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
A Gender Monitoring Office is hereby established. There is hereby established a National Council of Women. Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003, as amended to 2010
Gender Monitoring Office is an independent public institution. The National Women Council is an independent institution in its management. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | ||||
Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
The State of Rwanda commits itself to conform to the following fundamental principles and to promote and enforce the respect thereof: All citizens have the right to participate in the government of the country, whether directly or through freely chosen representatives in accordance with the Law. Public servants shall be recruited, posted and promoted in conformity with the principle of equality of citizens, through an objective, impartial and transparent system on the basis of the competence, merit and integrity of applicants of both sexes. … (Art. 126) |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | + | + | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
The Chamber of Deputies is composed of eighty (80) members as follows: The Senate is composed of twenty-six (26) members serving for a term of eight (8) years and at least thirty per cent (30%) of whom are women. In addition, the former Heads of State become members of the Senate upon their request as provided for in paragraph 4 of this article. Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003, as amended to 2005
The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of eighty (80) members as follows: The Senate shall be composed of twenty six (26) members serving for a term of eight (8) years and at least thirty per cent (30 %) of whom are women. In addition, former Heads of State become members of the Senate upon their request to the Supreme Court but they must have honourably completed their terms or voluntarily resigned from office. Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003, as amended to 2008
The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of eighty (80) members who shall include the following: The Senate shall be composed of twenty six (26) members serving for a term of eight (8) years and at least thirty per cent (30 %) of whom are women. In addition, former Heads of State become members of the Senate upon their request to the Supreme Court but they must have honourably completed their terms or voluntarily resigned from office. Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003, as amended to 2010
The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of eighty (80) Deputies who shall include the following: The Senate shall be composed of twenty-six (26) Senators serving for a term of eight (8) years and at least thirty per cent (30 %) of them shall be women. In addition, former Heads of State become members of the Senate upon their request to the Supreme Court but they must have honourably completed their terms of office or voluntarily resigned from office. |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | ||||
No provisions. |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | ||||
No provisions. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | ||||
No provisions. |
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Women’s Rights | ||||
No provisions. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
A new permanent Tunisian constitution was established in 2014, replacing the interim constitutional order that was established during the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011. The 2014 constitution enshrined a number of women’s rights in the constitution for the first time and established a state duty to achieve gender parity in elected bodies.
Constitution of 1959, as amended to 1999 |
Interim Constitution 2011 |
New Constitution 2014 |
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Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
… The state seeks to guarantee women’s representation in elected bodies. (Art. 34) The state commits to protect women’s accrued rights and work to strengthen and develop those rights. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | – | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 1959, as amended to 1999
We proclaim that the republican regime constitutes : All citizens have the same rights and obligations. All are equal before the law. (Art. 6) Interim Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2011
No provisions. Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
... With a view to building a participatory, democratic, republican system, in the framework of a civil state founded on the law and on the sovereignty of the people, exercised through the peaceful alternation of power through free elections. A political system founded on the principle of the separation and balance of powers, which guarantees the freedom of association in conformity with the principles of pluralism, an impartial administration, and good governance, which are the foundations of political competition, a system that guarantees respect for human rights and freedoms, independence of the judiciary, equality of rights and duties between all citizens, male and female, and equality between all regions; … (Preamble) All citizens, male and female, have equal rights and duties, and are equal before the law without any discrimination. The state commits to protect women’s accrued rights and work to strengthen and develop those rights. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | |||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
The state commits to protect women’s accrued rights and work to strengthen and develop those rights. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
… The state works to attain parity between women and men in elected Assemblies. … (Art. 46) |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
… The state works to attain parity between women and men in elected Assemblies. … (Art. 46) |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | |||
No provisions. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | |||
No provisions. |
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Women’s Rights | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia 2014
The state commits to protect women’s accrued rights and work to strengthen and develop those rights. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
The constitution of Viet Nam, which was adopted in 1992, was significantly amended in 2013. Many of the previously guaranteed rights, including the explicit right to gender equality, are present in the amended constitution in a modified form.
Constitution of 1992 |
Amended 2013 |
|
Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | |
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992
Citizens of both sexes will have equal rights in all political, economic, cultural, social, and familial aspects. All forms of behavior which discriminate against women and offend their dignity are strictly forbidden. Workers of both sexes shall receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity policy benefits. Women state employees and wage earners are entitled to fully paid pre- and post-natal leave as stipulated by law. Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992, as amended to 2013
1. Male and female citizens have equal rights in all fields. The State shall adopt policies to guarantee the right to and opportunities for gender equality. |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | |
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992
The SRV state is a unified state of the people of various nationalities who live on Vietnamese territory. It implements the policy of equality, solidarity, and mutual assistance among all nationalities, and strictly forbids all discriminatory and divisive behavior among nationalities. All citizens are equal before the law. (Art. 52) Citizens of both sexes will have equal rights in all political, economic, cultural, social, and familial aspects. All forms of behavior which discriminate against women and offend their dignity are strictly forbidden. Workers of both sexes shall receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity policy benefits. Women state employees and wage earners are entitled to fully paid pre- and post-natal leave as stipulated by law. Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992, as amended to 2013
1. All people are equal before law. 1. Male and female citizens have equal rights in all fields. The State shall adopt policies to guarantee the right to and opportunities for gender equality. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | ||
No provisions. |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | |
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992
Citizens exercise their right to mastery at the grass-roots level through their participation in the handling of state and social affairs. They are dutybound to protect public property and the people's legitimate rights and interests and must help with the maintenance of national security, public safety, and social order as well as with the organization of public life. (Art. 11) Citizens have the right to participate in the administration of the state and society, and in debating the common issues of the entire country and localities, to petition to state agencies, and to vote when the state organizes a referendum. (Art. 53) Citizens of both sexes will have equal rights in all political, economic, cultural, social, and familial aspects. All forms of behavior which discriminate against women and offend their dignity are strictly forbidden. Workers of both sexes shall receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity policy benefits. Women state employees and wage earners are entitled to fully paid pre- and post-natal leave as stipulated by law. Defending the fatherland is the citizens' sacred duty and noble right. Citizens are dutybound to perform their military service and participate in building the all-people national defense. (Art. 77) Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992, as amended to 2013
1. Male and female citizens have equal rights in all fields. The State shall adopt policies to guarantee the right to and opportunities for gender equality. 1. Citizens have the right to participate in the management of the State and management of society, and to discuss and propose to state agencies issues about their base units, localities and the whole country. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | ||
No provisions. |
||
Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | ||
No provisions. |
||
Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | |
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992
The state, society, families, and citizens shall be dutybound to provide health care and protection to mothers and children and to carry out population and family planning programs. (Art. 40) Citizens of both sexes will have equal rights in all political, economic, cultural, social, and familial aspects. All forms of behavior which discriminate against women and offend their dignity are strictly forbidden. Workers of both sexes shall receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity policy benefits. Women state employees and wage earners are entitled to fully paid pre- and post-natal leave as stipulated by law. Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992, as amended to 2013
2. The State, society and family are responsible for protecting and caring for the health of mothers and children, and for family planning. (Art. 58) |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | ||
No provisions. |
||
Women’s Rights | + | |
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992
Citizens of both sexes will have equal rights in all political, economic, cultural, social, and familial aspects. All forms of behavior which discriminate against women and offend their dignity are strictly forbidden. Workers of both sexes shall receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity policy benefits. Women state employees and wage earners are entitled to fully paid pre- and post-natal leave as stipulated by law. The state and society will create conditions for women to raise the level of their knowledge and develop their role in society. It will take care of developing maternity homes, pediatrics, creches, and other social welfare facilities to alleviate family burdens and create conditions for women to produce, work, study, receive medical treatment, rest, and fulfill their duty as mothers. (Art. 63) Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992, as amended to 2013
1. Male and female citizens have equal rights in all fields. The State shall adopt policies to guarantee the right to and opportunities for gender equality. |
Provisions related to category are: |
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Not present | |
Present | |
Added or changed |
In 2013, Zimbabwe adopted a new constitution that replaced the previous constitution of 1979. The new constitution expanded on the gender equality provisions of the previous constitution and added several new rights, including the right to reproductive health care.
Constitution of 1979, as amended to 2000 |
Amended 2005 |
Amended 2009 |
New 2013 |
|
Affirmative Action (Broadly) | + | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 1979, as amended to 2005
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section— Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(1) The State and all institutions and agencies of government at every level must endeavour to facilitate rapid and equitable development, and in particular must take measures to— (1) The State and all institutions and agencies of government at every level must endeavour to facilitate and take measures to empower, through appropriate, transparent, fair and just affirmative action, all marginalised persons, groups and communities in Zimbabwe. (1) The State must promote full gender balance in Zimbabwean society, and in particular— (3) Every person has the right not to be treated in an unfairly discriminatory manner on such grounds as their nationality, race, colour, tribe, place of birth, ethnic or social origin, language, class, religious belief, political affiliation, opinion, custom, culture, sex, gender, marital status, age, pregnancy, disability or economic or social status, or whether they were born in or out of wedlock. Appointments to the judiciary must reflect broadly the diversity and gender composition of Zimbabwe. (Sec. 184) |
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Equality and Non-Discrimination | + | + | ||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 1979, as amended to 2000
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section— Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 1979, as amended to 2009
(1) There is a common Zimbabwean citizenship and all citizens are equal, that is to say citizens are entitled, subject to this Constitution, to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship and are subject to the duties and obligations of citizenship. ... (Sec. 4)
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section—
... Acknowledging that we have an obligation to establish a framework of working together in an inclusive government;
... Acknowledging that it is the fundamental right and duty of the Zimbabwean people to make a constitution by themselves and for themselves; Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
… United in our diversity by our common desire for freedom, justice and equality, and our heroic resistance to colonialism, racism and all forms of domination and oppression, ... (1) Zimbabwe is founded on respect for the following values and principles— (1) The State must promote full gender balance in Zimbabwean society, and in particular— (1) When interpreting this Chapter, a court, tribunal, forum or body— (1) All persons are equal before the law and have the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. (1) Every woman has full and equal dignity of the person with men and this includes equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities. |
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Gender Equality Machineries | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
The following are the independent Commissions— (1) There is a commission to be known as the Zimbabwe Gender Commission consisting of— The Zimbabwe Gender Commission has the following functions— In addition to the report it is required to submit in terms of section 323, the Zimbabwe Gender Commission may, through the appropriate Minister, submit reports to Parliament on particular matters relating to gender issues which, in the Commission’s opinion, should be brought to the attention of Parliament. (Sec. 247) |
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Participation in Public Life and Institutions | + | + | + | |
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 1979, as amended to 2005
(1) There shall be a commission to be known as the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission which shall consist of— Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 1979, as amended to 2009
(1) There is a Zimbabwe Electoral Commission consisting of— (1) There is a commission to be known as the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission which shall consist of— ... Acknowledging that it is the fundamental right and duty of the Zimbabwean people to make a constitution by themselves and for themselves; Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(1) The State and all institutions and agencies of government at every level must endeavour to facilitate rapid and equitable development, and in particular must take measures to— (1) The State must promote full gender balance in Zimbabwean society, and in particular— (2) Women and men have the right to equal treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres. (1) Every woman has full and equal dignity of the person with men and this includes equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities. Appointments to the judiciary must reflect broadly the diversity and gender composition of Zimbabwe. (Sec. 184) (1) Public administration in all tiers of government, including institutions and agencies of the State, and government-controlled entities and other public enterprises, must be governed by the democratic values and principles enshrined in this Constitution, including the following principles— (1) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, every member of a Commission is appointed for a term of five years which is renewable for one additional term only. |
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Political Participation Quotas: National level | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(1) The State must promote full gender balance in Zimbabwean society, and in particular— (1) The Senate consists of eighty Senators, of whom— (1) The National Assembly consists of— |
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Political Participation Quotas: Subnational levels | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(1) The State must promote full gender balance in Zimbabwean society, and in particular— (1) There is a provincial council for each province, except the metropolitan provinces, consisting of— (1) For each of the metropolitan provinces there is a metropolitan council consisting of— (2) The Electoral Law must make provision, consistent with this Chapter, for the filling of vacancies in the seats of the members of provincial councils referred to in section 268(1)(f) and in the offices of chairpersons of provincial councils, which vacancies must be filled— |
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(3) An Act of Parliament must protect the lives of unborn children, and that Act must provide that pregnancy may be terminated only in accordance with that law. (Sec. 48) Every person has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right— (1) Every citizen and permanent resident of Zimbabwe has the right to have access to basic health-care services, including reproductive health-care services. |
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Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(3) Persons of the same sex are prohibited from marrying each other. (Sec. 78) |
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Women’s Rights | + | |||
Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013
(1) Every woman has full and equal dignity of the person with men and this includes equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities. |