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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishWork will be regulated by a Code which shall have as [its] principal objective the harmonizing of the relations between the employers [patronos] and [the] workers, establishing their rights and obligations. It shall be founded in general principles that tend to the improvement of the living conditions of the workers, and will especially include the following rights:
1) In a same business or establishment and in identical circumstances, to equal work must correspond [an] equal remuneration for the worker, without regard for [their] sex, race, creed, or nationality;
2) Every worker has the right to earn a minimum salary, which shall be set periodically. To set this salary[,] attention will be given to the cost of living, [to] the type of work, [to] the different systems of remuneration, [to] the distinct zones of production, and to other similar criteria. This salary must be sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of the home of the worker in the material, moral and cultural orders.
For piecework [trabajos a destajo], contract work [por ajuste] or work for a lump sum [precio alzado], it is obligatory to assure the minimum wage per day ['ornada] of work;
3) The salary and the social payments [prestaciones], in the quantity determined by the law, are unattachable and cannot be compensated or retained, except for food [provision] obligations. The amounts for social security, union quota, or tax obligations, may also be retained. The implements [instrumentos] of labor of the worker are unattachable;
4) The salary must be paid in [the] current legal currency [moneda de curso legal].
The salary and the social payments constitute privileged credits in relation to the other credits that could exist against an employer [patrono];
5) The employers shall give their workers a premium [prima] for each year of work. The law will establish the form in which its quantity will be determined in relation to the salaries;
6) The ordinary workday [jornada] of effective daytime work will not exceed eight hours, and the work week [will not exceed] forty-four hours.
The maximum overtime hours [horas extraordinarias] for each type of work will be determined by the law.
Night work [jornada nocturna] and the [work] fulfilled in dangerous or unhealthy tasks, will be inferior to the daytime [work] and will be regulated by the law. The limitation of working hours will not be applied in cases of force majeure.
The law will determine the extension of the pauses that will interrupt the workday when, attending to biological reasons, the rhythm of the [pending] tasks so demands, and of those that must intercede between two workdays.
Overtime hours and night work will be remunerated with a surcharge [recargo];
7) Every worker has the right to one day of remunerated rest for each work week, in the form required by the law.
The workers who do not enjoy [a] rest [period] on the previously indicated days, will have the right to [an] extraordinary remuneration for the services rendered on those days and to compensatory leave;
8) The workers will have the right to remunerated rest on the holidays [días de asueto] that are designated by the law; [the law] will determine the types of work for which this provision will not apply, but in such cases, the workers will have the right to an extraordinary remuneration;
9) Every worker that accredits a minimum provision of services [performed] during a given period, will have the right to an annual paid vacation in the form determined by the law. The vacations may not be compensated in money, and to the obligation of the employer to grant them[,] corresponds the obligation of the worker to take them;
10) The minors of fourteen years of age or less, and those that having reached this age still remain subject to obligatory education by virtue of the law, may not be occupied in any type of work.
Their occupation can be authorized when it is considered indispensable for their subsistence or that of their family, provided that this does not prevent [the] compliance with the minimum of the obligatory education.
The workday of the minors of sixteen years of age cannot be more than six hours a day and thirty-four hours a week, in any kind of work.
Unhealthy or dangerous work is prohibited for persons under eighteen years of age and for women. Night work is also prohibited for persons under eighteen years of age.
The law will determine the dangerous and unhealthy labors;
11) The employer who discharges [despida] a worker without [a] just cause is obligated to indemnify him in accordance with the law;
12) The law will determine under which conditions employers are obligated to pay their permanent workers, who resign from their work, an economic compensation [prestación] which amount will be set [fijará] in relation to their salaries and the time of service.
The resignation produces its effects without the need for acceptance by the employer, but the refusal of the latter to pay the corresponding compensation constitutes a legal presumption of unfair discharge.
In the case of total and permanent disability or [the] death of the worker, the worker or his or her beneficiaries will have the right to the compensations they would receive in the case of voluntary resignation. (Art. 38) - SpanishEl trabajo estará regulado por un Código que tendrá por objeto principal armonizar las relaciones entre patronos y trabajadores, estableciendo sus derechos y obligaciones. Estará fundamentado en principios generales que tiendan al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores, e incluirá especialmente los derechos siguientes:
1º- En una misma empresa o establecimiento y en idénticas circunstancias, a trabajo igual debe corresponder igual remuneración al trabajador, cualquiera que sea su sexo, raza, credo o nacionalidad;
2º- Todo trabajador tiene derecho a devengar un salario mínimo, que se fijará periódicamente. Para fijar este salario se atenderá sobre todo al costo de la vida, a la índole de la labor, a los diferentes sistemas de remuneración, a las distintas zonas de producción y a otros criterios similares. Este salario deberá ser suficiente para satisfacer las necesidades normales del hogar del trabajador en el orden material, moral y cultural.
En los trabajos a destajo, por ajuste o precio alzado, es obligatorio asegurar el salario mínimo por jornada de trabajo;
3º- El salario y las prestaciones sociales, en la cuantía que determine la ley, son inembargables y no se pueden compensar ni retener, salvo por obligaciones alimenticias. También pueden retenerse por obligaciones de seguridad social, cuotas sindicales o impuestos. Son inembargables los instrumentos de labor de los trabajadores;
4º- El salario debe pagarse en moneda de curso legal. El salario y las prestaciones sociales constituyen créditos privilegiados en relación con los demás créditos que puedan existir contra el patrono;
5º- Los patronos darán a sus trabajadores una prima por cada año de trabajo. La ley establecerá la forma en que se determinará su cuantía en relación con los salarios;
6º- La jornada ordinaria de trabajo efectivo diurno no excederá de ocho horas; y la semana laboral, de cuarenta y cuatro horas.
El máximo de horas extraordinarias para cada clase de trabajo será determinado por la ley.
La jornada nocturna y la que se cumpla en tareas peligrosas o insalubres, será inferior a la diurna y estará reglamentada por la ley. La limitación de la jornada no se aplicará en casos de fuerza mayor.
La ley determinará la extensión de las pausas que habrán de interrumpir la jornada cuando, atendiendo a causas biológicas, el ritmo de las tareas así lo exija, y la de aquellas que deberán mediar entre dos jornadas.
Las horas extraordinarias y el trabajo nocturno serán remunerados con recargo;
7º- Todo trabajador tiene derecho a un día de descanso remunerado por cada semana laboral, en la forma que exija la ley.
Los trabajadores que no gocen de descanso en los días indicados anteriormente, tendrán derecho a una remuneración extraordinaria por los servicios que presten en esos días y a un descanso compensatorio;
8º- Los trabajadores tendrán derecho a descanso remunerado en los días de asueto que señala la ley; ésta determinará la clase de labores en que no regirá esta disposición, pero en tales casos, los trabajadores tendrán derecho a remuneración extraordinaria;
9º- Todo trabajador que acredite una prestación mínima de servicios durante un lapso dado, tendrá derecho a vacaciones anuales remuneradas en la forma que determinará la ley. Las vacaciones no podrán compensarse en dinero, y a la obligación del patrono de darlas corresponde la del trabajador de tomarlas;
10º- Los menores de catorce años, y los que habiendo cumplido esa edad sigan sometidos a la enseñanza obligatoria en virtud de la ley, no podrán ser ocupados en ninguna clase de trabajo.
Podrá autorizarse su ocupación cuando se considere indispensable para la subsistencia de los mismos o de su familia, siempre que ello no les impida cumplir con el mínimo de instrucción obligatoria.
La jornada de los menores de dieciséis años no podrá ser mayor de seis horas diarias y de treinta y cuatro semanales, en cualquier clase de trabajo.
Se prohíbe el trabajo a los menores de dieciocho años y a las mujeres en labores insalubres o peligrosas. También se prohíbe el trabajo nocturno a los menores de dieciocho años.
La ley determinará las labores peligrosas o insalubres;
11º- El patrono que despida a un trabajador sin causa justificada está obligado a indemnizarlo conforme a la ley;
12º- La ley determinará las condiciones bajo las cuales los patronos estarán obligados a pagar a sus trabajadores permanentes, que renuncien a su trabajo, una prestación económica cuyo monto se fijará en relación con los salarios y el tiempo de servicio.
La renuncia produce sus efectos sin necesidad de aceptación del patrono, pero la negative de éste a pagar la correspondiente prestación constituye presunción legal de despido injusto.
En caso de incapacidad total y permanente o de muerte del trabajador, éste o sus beneficiarios tendrán derecho a las prestaciones que recibirían en el caso de renuncia voluntaria. (Art. 38)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. Workers have a right to protection, security and hygiene at work.
2. The worker can only be dismissed in the cases and terms established by law; dismissal for political or ideological motives is prohibited.
3. The State will gradually establish a system capable of guaranteeing workers social security pensions in old age, in sickness or when incapacitated. (Art. 46) - Portuguese1 - Aquele que trabalha tem direito à protecção, segurança e higiene no trabalho.
2 - O trabalhador só pode ser despedido nos casos e termos previstos na lei, sendo proibidos os despedimentos por motivos políticos ou ideológicos.
3 - O Estado criará gradualmente um sistema capaz de garantir ao trabalhador segurança social na velhice, na doença ou quando lhe ocorra incapacidade de trabalho. (Art. 46)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe law will regulate the conditions that must be met by workshops, factories, and work sites [locales].
The State will maintain a technical inspection service in charge of [encargado] seeing that the legal norms of labor, assistance, pension, and social security are strictly complied with, in order to verify their results and to suggest the pertinent reforms. (Art. 44) - SpanishLa ley reglamentará las condiciones que deban reunir los talleres, fábricas y locales de trabajo.
El Estado mantendrá un servicio de inspección técnica encargado de velar por el fiel cumplimiento de las normas legales de trabajo, asistencia, previsión y seguridad social, a fin de comprobar sus resultados y sugerir las reformas pertinentes. (Art. 44)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishCitizens shall enjoy equal opportunity in carrying out the following functions :
…
(b) occupation;
(c) trade;
(d) business;
(e) technical know-how and vocation;
… (Sec. 349) - Burmeseနိုင်ငံသားများသည် အောက်ပါလုပ်ငန်းများကို လုပ်ကိုင်ဆောင်ရွက်ရာတွင် တူညီသော အခွင့်အလမ်းရရှိစေရမည် -
...
(ခ) အလုပ်လုပ်ကိုင်မှု၊
(ဂ) ကုန်သွယ်ရောင်းဝယ်ဖောက်ကားမှု၊
(ဃ) စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်း လုပ်ကိုင်မှု၊
(င) အတက်ပညာ နှင့် အသက်မွေးဝမ်းကျောင်းမှု၊
... (ပုဒ်မ-၃၄၉)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
(1) Every person shall have the right to choose freely his or her profession and to receive appropriate training, as well as the right to earn his or her living through entrepreneurial activities.
(2) Terms of, or restrictions on, specific professions, trades or activities may be regulated by law.
(3) Citizens shall have the right to work. The State shall guarantee, within reasonable limits, the material welfare of those who cannot enjoy this right through no fault of their own. The terms thereof shall be specified by law.
… (Art. 35) - Slovak
(1) Kaţdý má právo na slobodnú voľbu povolania a prípravu naň, ako aj právo podnikať a uskutočňovať inú zárobkovú činnosť.
(2) Zákon môţe ustanoviť podmienky a obmedzenia výkonu určitých povolaní alebo činností.
(3) Občania majú právo na prácu. Štát v primeranom rozsahu hmotne zabezpečuje občanov, ktorí nie z vlastnej viny nemôţu toto právo vykonávať. Podmienky ustanoví zákon.
… (Čl. 35)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEvery person shall have the right freely to engage in economic activity, to work and to pursue a livelihood anywhere in Malawi. (Sec. 29)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishNo person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his or her right to work, that is to say, the right to free choice of employment. (Art. 149A)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
…
They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
…
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns on investments, and to expansion and growth. (Art. XIII, Sec. 3) - FilipinoDapat magkaloob ang Estado ng lubos na proteksyon sa paggawa, sa lokal at sa ibayong dagat, organisado at di organisado, at dapat itaguyod ang puspusang employment at pantay na mga pagkakataon sa employment para sa lahat.
…
Dapat na may karapatan sila sa katatagan sa trabaho, sa makataong mga kalagayan sa trabaho, at sa sahod na sapat ikabuhay. Dapat din silang lumahok sa mga proseso ng pagbabalangkas ng patakaran at desisyon na may kinalaman sa kanilang mga karapatan at benepisyo ayon sa maaaring itadhana ng batas.
…
Dapat regulahin ng Estado ang ugnayan ng mga manggagawa at mga employer, dahil sa pagkilala sa karapatan ng paggawa sa karampatang kaparte nito sa mga bunga ng produksyon at sa karapatan ng mga negosyo sa makatwirang tubo sa mga pamumuhunan, at sa paglawak at paglago. (Art. XIII, Seksyon 3)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEveryone has the right to work, including a possibility to earn a living by labour that he or she freely chooses or to which he or she freely agrees.
The State creates conditions for citizens to fully realise their right to work, guarantees equal opportunities in the choice of profession and of types of labour activity, implements programmes of vocational education, training and retraining of personnel according to the needs of society.
...
Everyone has the right to proper, safe and healthy work conditions, and to remuneration no less than the minimum wage as determined by law.
...
Citizens are guaranteed protection from unlawful dismissal.
The right to timely payment for labour is protected by law. (Art. 43) - UkrainianКожен має право на працю, що включає можливість заробляти собі на життя працею, яку він вільно обирає або на яку вільно погоджується.
Держава створює умови для повного здійснення громадянами права на працю, гарантує рівні можливості у виборі професії та роду трудової діяльності, реалізовує програми професійно-технічного навчання, підготовки і перепідготовки кадрів відповідно до суспільних потреб.
...
Кожен має право на належні, безпечні і здорові умови праці, на заробітну плату, не нижчу від визначеної законом.
...
Громадянам гарантується захист від незаконного звільнення.
Право на своєчасне одержання винагороди за працю захищається законом. (Стаття 43)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English...
(2) The State shall direct its policy towards ensuring:
...
(d) … reasonable national minimum living wage,
… (Sec. 16)