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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Jurisdiction and Access
- English
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9. The Supreme Court may, on its own motion or on an application made by the Attorney General or by a party to a case, withdraw any case pending before the High Court involving a substantial question of law of general importance relating to the interpretation of this Constitution and dispose off [sic] the case itself.
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18. Every person has the right to approach the courts in matters arising out of the Constitution or other laws subject to section 23 of Article 7. (Art. 21) - Dzongkha
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༩) རྩ་ཁྲིམས་ཆེན་མོ་འདིའི་དོན་འགྲེལ་དང་འབྲེལ་ སྤྱིར་བཏང་གནད་འགག་ཆེ་བའི་ཁྲིམས་ཀྱི་ དོགས་གཞི་ཅིག་ལས་བརྟེན་པའི་རྩོད་གཞི་གང་རུང་ཅིག་ ཆེ་མཐོ་ཁྲིམས་འདུན་ལུ་བསྣར་འགྱངས་ལུས་ཡོད་ཚེ་ མངོན་མཐོ་ཁྲིམས་འདུན་རང་གི་གྲོས་དོན་ཐོག་ལས་ ཡང་ན་ རྩོད་དཔོན་ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་དང་ རྩོད་གཞིའི་རྩ་ཕན་ཅིག་ལས་ཞུ་ཡིག་ཕུལ་ཏེ་ཕྱིར་བཏོན་ ཡང་ན་ མཇུག་བསྒྲིལ་གཏང་ཆོག།
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༡༨) མི་ངོ་ཆ་མཉམ་ལུ་ རྩ་ཚན་༧ པའི་དོན་ཚན་༢༣ པ་ལས་མ་འགལ་བར་ རྩ་ཁྲིམས་ཆེན་མོ་ ཡང་ན་ ཁྲིམས་གཞན་སོ་སོ་ལས་ཐོན་པའི་གནད་དོན་ཚུ་གི་སྐོར་ལས་ ཁྲིམས་འདུན་ལུ་བཅར་ གཏུགས་ཀྱི་ཐོབ་དབང་ཡོད། ༼རྩ་ཚན་༢༡༽
Jurisdiction and Access
- English
(1) The Constitutional Court shall be the principal organ for the protection of the Fundamental Law.
(2) The Constitutional Court:
a) shall examine adopted Acts not yet promulgated for conformity with the Fundamental Law;
b) shall, at the initiative of a judge, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law applicable in a particular case as a priority but within no more than ninety days;
c) shall, on the basis of a constitutional complaint, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law applied in a particular case;
d) shall, on the basis of a constitutional complaint, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any judicial decision;
e) shall, at the initiative of the Government, one quarter of the Members of the National Assembly, the President of the Curia, the Prosecutor General or the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law;
f) shall examine any law for conflict with any international treaties;
g) shall exercise further functions and powers as laid down in the Fundamental Law and in a cardinal Act.
(3) The Constitutional Court:
a) shall, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) b), c), and e), annul any law or any provision of a law which conflicts with the Fundamental Law;
b) shall, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) d), annul any judicial decision which conflicts with the Fundamental Law;
c) may, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) f), annul any law or any provision of a law which conflicts with an international treaty;
and shall determine legal consequences as set out in a cardinal Act.
(4) Those provisions of a law that were not requested to be reviewed may be reviewed and annulled by the Constitutional Court only if there is a close substantive connection between them and the provisions requested to be reviewed.
(5) The Constitutional Court may review the Fundamental Law or the amendment of the Fundamental Law only in relation to the procedural requirements laid down in the Fundamental Law for making and promulgating it. Such an examination may be initiated by:
a) the President of the Republic in respect of the Fundamental Law or the amendment of the Fundamental Law if adopted but not yet promulgated;
b) the Government, one quarter of the Members of the National Assembly, the President of the Curia, the Prosecutor General or the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights within thirty days of promulgation.
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(7) The Constitutional Court shall, as provided for by a cardinal Act, hear the legislator of the law, the initiator of the Act or their representative or shall obtain their opinions during its procedure if the matter affects a wide range of persons. This stage of the procedure shall be public.
… (The State, Art. 24) - Hungarian
(1) Az Alkotmánybíróság az Alaptörvény védelmének legfőbb szerve.
(2) Az Alkotmánybíróság
a) az Alaptörvénnyel való összhang szempontjából megvizsgálja az elfogadott, de ki nem hirdetett törvényeket;
b) bírói kezdeményezésre soron kívül, de legkésőbb kilencven napon belül felülvizsgálja az egyedi ügyben alkalmazandó jogszabálynak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
c) alkotmányjogi panasz alapján felülvizsgálja az egyedi ügyben alkalmazott jogszabálynak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
d) alkotmányjogi panasz alapján felülvizsgálja a bírói döntésnek az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
e) a Kormány, az országgyűlési képviselők egynegyede, a Kúria elnöke, a legfőbb ügyész vagy az alapvető jogok biztosa kezdeményezésére felülvizsgálja a jogszabályoknak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
f) vizsgálja a jogszabályok nemzetközi szerződésbe ütközését;
g) az Alaptörvényben, illetve sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott további feladat- és hatásköröket gyakorol.
(3) Az Alkotmánybíróság
a) a (2) bekezdés b), c) és e) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisíti az Alaptörvénnyel ellentétes jogszabályt vagy jogszabályi rendelkezést;
b) a (2) bekezdés d) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisíti az Alaptörvénnyel ellentétes bírói döntést;
c) a (2) bekezdés f) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisítheti a nemzetközi szerződésbe ütköző jogszabályt vagy jogszabályi rendelkezést; illetve sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott jogkövetkezményt állapít meg.
(4) Az Alkotmánybíróság a jogszabály felülvizsgálni nem kért rendelkezését csak abban az esetben vizsgálhatja, illetve semmisítheti meg, ha az a felülvizsgálni kért jogszabályi rendelkezéssel szoros tartalmi összefüggésben áll.
(5) Az Alkotmánybíróság az Alaptörvényt és az Alaptörvény módosítását csak a megalkotására és kihirdetésére vonatkozó, az Alaptörvényben foglalt eljárási követelmények tekintetében vizsgálhatja felül. E vizsgálatot
a) az elfogadott, de még ki nem hirdetett Alaptörvény és Alaptörvény-módosítás tekintetében a köztársasági elnök,
b) a kihirdetéstől számított harminc napon belül a Kormány, az országgyűlési képviselők egynegyede, a Kúria elnöke, a legfőbb ügyész vagy az alapvető jogok biztosa
kezdeményezheti.
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(7) Az Alkotmánybíróság sarkalatos törvényben meghatározottak szerint a jogszabály megalkotóját, a törvény kezdeményezőjét vagy képviselőjüket meghallgatja, illetve véleményüket eljárása során beszerzi, ha az ügy a személyek széles körét érinti. Az eljárás ezen szakasza nyilvános.
… (Az Állam, 24. cikk)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, the Prime Minister or one-quarter (1/4) of the members of each Chamber of the Parliament may refer a request for [its] opinion to the Constitutional Court. (Art. 97)
- FrenchLe Président de la République, Ie Président de l'Assemblée Nationale, Ie Président du Sénat, Ie Premier Ministre ou un quart (1/4) des membres de chaque chambre du Parlement peuvent saisir la Cour Constitutionnelle d'une demande d'avis. (Art. 97)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English(1) Anyone harmed by the actions of the Sovereignty Council or Cabinet may challenge the same before:
(a) The Constitutional Court, if the challenge is directed at any infringement of the constitutional order or constitutional freedoms, protections or rights.
... (Art. 20) - Arabic1. يجوز لكل متضرر من أعمال مجلس السيادة او مجلس الوزراء أن يطعن فيها امام:
ا. المحكمة الدستوريه إذا كان الطعن متعلقا بأي تجاوز للنظام الدستوري او الحريات او الحرمات او الحقوق الدستورية
(الماده 21)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English1. The Constitutional Court of Georgia shall exercise judicial power through constitutional legal proceedings.
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4. The Constitutional Court of Georgia shall in accordance with the procedures established by the organic law:
a) review the constitutionality of a normative act with respect to the fundamental human rights enshrined in Chapter Two of the Constitution on the basis of a claim submitted by a natural person, a legal person or the Public Defender;
b) make decisions on the constitutionality of a normative act on the basis of a claim submitted by the President of Georgia, by at least one fifth of the Members of Parliament, or by the Government;
c) on the basis of a submission by a common court, review the constitutionality of a normative act to be applied by the common court when hearing a particular case, and which may contravene the Constitution according to a reasonable assumption of the court;
d) review disputes about the competences of a respective body on the basis of a claim submitted by the President of Georgia, Parliament, the Government, the High Council of Justice, the General Prosecutor, the Board of National Bank, the General Auditor, the Public Defender or the supreme representative or executive body of an autonomous republic;
e) review the constitutionality of international treaties on the basis of a claim submitted by the President of Georgia, the Government, or by at least one fifth of the Members of Parliament;
f) review the constitutionality of activities of a political party, or of the termination of powers of a member of the representative body elected upon nomination by this political party, on the basis of a claim submitted by the President of Georgia, the Government, or by at least one fifth of the Members of Parliament;
g) review the constitutionality of Parliament's decision to acknowledge or prematurely terminate the powers of a Member of Parliament, on the basis of a claim submitted by at least one fifth of the Members of Parliament or the respective individual;
h) review disputes related to norms regulating referendums or elections, and the constitutionality of referendums and elections held or to be held based on these norms, on the basis of a claim submitted by the President of Georgia, by at least one fifth of the Members of Parliament, or by the Public Defender;
i) review the constitutionality of a normative act with respect to Chapter Nine of the Constitution on the basis of a claim submitted by the representative body of a local self-government;
j) exercise other powers determined by the Constitution.
… (Art. 60) - Georgian1. საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სასამართლო სასამართლო ხელისუფლებას ახორციელებს საკონსტიტუციო სამართალწარმოების წესით.
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4. საკონსტიტუციო სასამართლო ორგანული კანონით დადგენილი წესით:
ა) ფიზიკური პირის, იურიდიული პირის ან სახალხო დამცველის სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს ნორმატიული აქტის კონსტიტუციურობას კონსტიტუციის მეორე თავით აღიარებულ ადამიანის ძირითად უფლებებთან მიმართებით;
ბ) საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის, პარლამენტის წევრთა არანაკლებ ერთი მეხუთედის ან მთავრობის სარჩელის საფუძველზე იღებს გადაწყვეტილებას ნორმატიული აქტის კონსტიტუციასთან შესაბამისობის საკითხზე;
გ) საერთო სასამართლოს წარდგინების საფუძველზე იხილავს იმ ნორმატიული აქტის კონსტიტუციურობის საკითხს, რომელიც კონკრეტული საქმის განხილვისას უნდა გამოიყენოს საერთო სასამართლომ და რომელიც მისი საფუძვლიანი ვარაუდით შეიძლება ეწინააღმდეგებოდეს კონსტიტუციას;
დ) საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის, პარლამენტის, მთავრობის, იუსტიციის უმაღლესი საბჭოს, გენერალური პროკურორის, ეროვნული ბანკის საბჭოს, გენერალური აუდიტორის, სახალხო დამცველის ან ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკის უმაღლესი წარმომადგენლობითი ან აღმასრულებელი ორგანოს სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს დავას შესაბამისი ორგანოს უფლებამოსილების შესახებ;
ე) საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის ან მთავრობის სარჩელის, პარლამენტის წევრთა არანაკლებ ერთი მეხუთედის სარჩელის ან წარდგინების საფუძველზე იხილავს საერთაშორისო ხელშეკრულების კონსტიტუციურობის საკითხს;
ვ) საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის, პარლამენტის წევრთა არანაკლებ ერთი მეხუთედის ან მთავრობის სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს პოლიტიკური პარტიის საქმიანობის კონსტიტუციურობისა და ამ პოლიტიკური პარტიის წარდგენით არჩეული წარმომადგენლობითი ორგანოს წევრის უფლებამოსილების შეწყვეტის საკითხს;
ზ) პარლამენტის წევრთა არანაკლებ ერთი მეხუთედის ან შესაბამისი პირის სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს პარლამენტის წევრის უფლებამოსილების ცნობის ან ვადამდე შეწყვეტის შესახებ პარლამენტის გადაწყვეტილების კონსტიტუციურობის საკითხს;
თ) საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის, პარლამენტის წევრთა არანაკლებ ერთი მეხუთედის ან სახალხო დამცველის სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს რეფერენდუმის ან არჩევნების მომწესრიგებელი ნორმისა და ამ ნორმის საფუძველზე ჩასატარებელი ან ჩატარებული რეფერენდუმის ან არჩევნების კონსტიტუციურობასთან დაკავშირებულ დავას;
ი) ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის წარმომადგენლობითი ორგანოს სარჩელის საფუძველზე იხილავს ნორმატიული აქტის კონსტიტუციურობას კონსტიტუციის მეცხრე თავთან მიმართებით;
კ) ახორციელებს კონსტიტუციით განსაზღვრულ სხვა უფლებამოსილებებს.
… (მუხლი 60)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishA.- In constitutional matters, the Supreme Court rules in sovereign fashion over:
1°) compliance of the National Council’s rules of procedure with constitutional and, if need be, legislative provisions under the conditions prescribed by article 61;
2°) appeals on petitions for annulment, petitions to review validity and actions for damages arising from violations of these rights and freedoms prescribed in chapter III3 of the Constitution, and which are not referred to in subsection B of the present article.
…
C.- The Supreme Court rules over conflicts of jurisdiction. (Art. 90) - FrenchA. - En matière constitutionnelle, le Tribunal Suprême statue souverainement :
l°) sur la conformité du règlement intérieur du Conseil National aux dispositions constitutionnelles et, le cas échéant, législatives, dans les conditions prévues à l'article 61 ;
2°) sur les recours en annulation, en appréciation de validité et en indemnité ayant pour objet une atteinte aux libertés et droits consacrés par le Titre III de la Constitution, et qui ne sont pas visés au paragraphe B du présent article.
…
C.- Le Tribunal Suprême statue sur les conflits de compétence juridictionnelle. (Art. 90)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court is the jurisdiction given the charge of seeing to respect for the provisions of the Constitution.
The Constitutional Court judges the regularity of the referendum consultations, [and] of the presidential, legislative and senatorial elections. It decides on the challenges to these consultations and elections.
It is the judge of the constitutionality of the laws.
The laws may, before their promulgation, be deferred to the Constitutional Court by the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, the President of High Authority of Audiovisuals and of Communications [Haute Autorité de l'Audiovisuel et de la Communication], the President of the Economic and Social Council, the President of the National Commission of the Rights of Man, the President of the Superior Council of the Magistrature, the Mediator of the Republic, the presidents of the parliamentary groups or one-fifth (1/5) of the members of the National Assembly or of the Senate.
To the same ends, the organic laws, before their promulgation, the internal regulations of the National Assembly and of the Senate, those of the High Authority of Audiovisuals and of Communications, [those] of the Economic and Social Council [those] of the National Commission of the Rights of Man, [and those] of the Superior Council of the Magistrature must be submitted to it before their application.
The Constitutional Court may be referred to [the matter] of a demand for [its] opinion on the meaning of the constitutional provisions by the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, the President of High Authority of Audiovisuals and of Communications, the President of the Economic and Social Council, the President of the National Commission of the Rights of Man, the President of the Superior Council of the Magistrature, the Mediator of the Republic and the presidents of the parliamentary groups.
An organic law determines the other authorities and juridical [morale] persons who can refer the Constitutional Court [to matters], in matters of protection of fundamental rights.
In the course of a judicial instance, any physical or juridical person may, in limine litis, before the courts and tribunals, raise the pleadings [exception] of the unconstitutionality of a law. In this case, the jurisdiction suspends its decision and refers [the matter] to the constitutional court. … (Art. 104) - FrenchLa Cour constitutionnelle est la juridiction chargée de veiller au respect des dispositions de la Constitution.
La Cour constitutionnelle juge de la régularité des consultations référendaires, des élections présidentielles, législatives et sénatoriales. Elle statue sur le contentieux de ces consultations et élections.
Elle est juge de la constitutionnalité des lois.
Les lois peuvent, avant leur promulgation, lui être déférées par le Président de la République, le Premier ministre, le Président de l’Assemblée nationale, le Président du Sénat, le Président de la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication, le Président du Conseil économique et social, le Président de la Commission nationale des droits de l’Homme, le Président du Conseil Supérieur de la magistrature, le Médiateur de la République, les présidents des groupes parlementaires ou un cinquième (1/5eme) des membres de l’Assemblée nationale ou du Sénat.
Aux mêmes fins, les lois organiques, avant leur promulgation, les règlements intérieurs de l’Assemblée nationale et du Sénat, ceux de la Haute Autorité de l’audiovisuel et de la communication, du Conseil économique et social, de la Commission nationale des droits de l’homme et du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, avant leur application, doivent lui être soumis.
La Cour constitutionnelle peut être saisie d’une demande d’avis sur le sens des dispositions constitutionnelles par le Président de la République, le Premier ministre, le Président de l’Assemblée nationale, le Président du Sénat, le Président de la Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication, le Président du Conseil économique et social, le Président de la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme, le Président du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, le Médiateur de la République et les présidents des groupes parlementaires.
Une loi organique détermine les autres autorités et les personnes morales qui peuvent saisir la Cour constitutionnelle, en matière de protection des droits fondamentaux.
Au cours d’une instance judiciaire, toute personne physique ou morale peut, in limine litis, devant les cours et tribunaux, soulever l’exception d’inconstitutionnalité d’une loi. Dans ce cas, la juridiction sursoit à statuer et saisit la Cour constitutionnelle. ... (Art. 104)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishEvery citizen may invoke the protection of freedoms and rights determined by the Constitution before the regular courts, as well as before the Constitutional Court of North Macedonia, through a procedure based upon the principles of priority and urgency.
… (Art. 50) - MacedonianСекој граѓанин може да се повика на заштита на слободите и правата утврдени со Уставот пред судовите и пред Уставниот суд на Република Северна Македонија во постапка заснована врз начелата на приоритет и итност.
… (Член 50)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe Action for Constitutional Protection (Accion de Amparo Constitucional) shall take place against the illegal or unjustified acts or omissions of public servants or of individuals or collectives, who restrict, suppress or threaten to restrict or suppress rights recognized by the Constitution and the law. (Art. 128)
- SpanishLa Acción de Amparo Constitucional tendrá lugar contra actos u omisiones ilegales o indebidos de los servidores públicos, o de persona individual o colectiva, que restrinjan, supriman o amenacen restringir o suprimir los derechos reconocidos por la Constitución y la ley. (Art. 128)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishIf the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may—
(a) either dispose of the case itself, or
(b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the court from which the case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the said court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment. (Art. 228) - Hindiयदि उच्च न्यायालय का यह समाधान हो जाता है कि उसके अधीनस्थ किसी न्यायालय में लंबित किसी मामले में इस संविधान के निर्वचन के बारे में विधि का कोई सारवान प्रश्न अंतर्वलित है जिसका अवधारण मामले के निपटारे के लिए आवश्यक है तो वह उस मामले को अपने पास मंगा लेगा और—
(क) मामले को स्वयं निपटा सकेगा, या
(ख) उक्त विधि के प्रश्न का अवधारण कर सकेगा और उस मामले को ऐसे प्रश्न पर निर्णय की प्रतिलिपि सहित उस न्यायालय को, जिससे मामला इस प्रकार मंगा लिया गया है, लौटा सकेगा और उक्त न्यायालय उसके प्राप्त होने पर उस मामले को ऐसे निर्णय के अनुरूप निपटाने के लिए आगे कार्यवाही करेगा। (अनुच्छेद 228)