Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2022
Education
  • English
    (1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth—
    (a) in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees; or
    (b) in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether within or outside the Federation).
    … (Art. 12)
  • Malay
    (1) Tanpa menjejaskan keluasan Perkara 8, tidak boleh ada diskriminasi terhadap mana-mana warganegara semata-mata atas alasan agama, ras, keturunan atau tempat lahir—
    (a) dalam pentadbiran mana-mana institusi pendidikan yang disenggarakan oleh suatu pihak berkuasa awam, dan, khususnya, kemasukan murid-murid atau pelajar-pelajar atau pembayaran fi; atau
    (b) dalam memberikan bantuan kewangan daripada wang sesuatu pihak berkuasa awam bagi penyenggaraan atau pendidikan murid-murid atau pelajar-pelajar di mana-mana institusi pendidikan (sama ada disenggarakan oleh suatu pihak berkuasa awam atau tidak dan sama ada di dalam atau di luar Persekutuan).
    … (Perkara 12)
Education
  • English
    …
    13. Education, including—
    (a) elementary, secondary, and university education; vocational and technical education;...
    … (Ninth Schedule , Legislative Lists, List I—Federal List, [Articles 74, 77])
  • Malay
    …
    13. Pendidikan, termasuk—
    (a) Pendidikan rendah, menengah dan universiti; pendidikan vokasional dan teknik; …
    ... (Jadual Kesembilan , Senarai Perundangan, Senarai I—Senarai Persekutuan, [Perkara 74, 77])
1

Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2009 (English). Amendments to the Constitution 2019 and 2022 (English), available in HeinOnline World Constitutions Illustrated Library (2023). According to Art. 152: “The national language shall be the Malay language …”

2

Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2009 (Malay). Amendments to the Constitution 2019 and 2022 (Malay), available in HeinOnline World Constitutions Illustrated Library (2023).

Links to all sites last visited 22 November 2023
3
Part I on Citizenship by Operation of Law of Persons Born Before Malaysia Day.
4
Chapter 2 on Termination of Citizenship.
5
Part III on Citizenship.
6
Part X on Public Services.
7
Part XV on Proceedings Against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers.