Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2022
Head of State
  • English
    (1) There shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall take precedence over all persons in the Federation and shall not be liable to any proceedings whatsoever in any court except in the Special Court established under Part XV.7
    (2) The Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (to be called the Raja Permaisuri Agong) shall take precedence next after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.
    (3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
    … (Art. 32)
  • Malay
    (1) Maka hendaklah ada seorang Ketua Utama Negara bagi Persekutuan, digelar Yang di-Pertuan Agong, yang hendaklah diberi keutamaan daripada segala orang di dalam Persekutuan dan yang tidak boleh dikenakan apa-apa jua pun prosiding di dalam mana-mana mahkamah kecuali di dalam Mahkamah Khas yang ditubuhkan di bawah Bahagian XV.
    (2) Isteri Yang di-Pertuan Agong (digelar Raja Permaisuri Agong) hendaklah diberi keutamaan daripada segala orang lain di dalam Persekutuan selepas Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
    (3) Yang di-Pertuan Agong hendaklah dipilih oleh Majlis RajaRaja bagi tempoh lima tahun, tetapi boleh pada bila-bila masa meletakkan jawatannya melalui surat yang ditandatangani sendiri olehnya yang ditujukan kepada Majlis Raja-Raja atau boleh dipecat daripada jawatannya oleh Majlis Raja-Raja, dan hendaklah berhenti memegang jawatan apabila terhenti menjadi Raja.
    … (Perkara 32)
Head of State
  • English
    1. (1) A Ruler is qualified to be elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong unless—
    (a) he is a minor; or
    (b) he has notified the Keeper of the Rulers’ Seal that he does not desire to be elected; or
    (c) the Conference of Rulers by secret ballot resolves that he is unsuitable by reason of infirmity of mind or body or for any other cause to exercise the functions of Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
    … (Third Schedule, Part I, [Articles 32 and 33])
  • Malay
    1. (1) Seseorang Raja layak dipilih menjadi Yang di-Pertuan Agong melainkan jika—
    (a) Raja itu belum dewasa: atau
    (b) Raja itu telah memberitahu Penyimpan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja bahawa Raja itu tidak berhasrat dipilih; atau
    (c) Majlis Raja-Raja mengambil ketetapan melalui undi sulit bahawa Raja itu tidak sesuai untuk menjalankan fungsi Yang di-Pertuan Agong disebabkan oleh kelemahan akal atau tubuhnya, atau kerana apa-apa sebab lain.
    … (Jadual Ketiga, Senarai I, [Perkara 32, 33])
1

Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2009 (English). Amendments to the Constitution 2019 and 2022 (English), available in HeinOnline World Constitutions Illustrated Library (2023). According to Art. 152: “The national language shall be the Malay language …”

2

Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1963, as amended to 2009 (Malay). Amendments to the Constitution 2019 and 2022 (Malay), available in HeinOnline World Constitutions Illustrated Library (2023).

Links to all sites last visited 22 November 2023
3
Part I on Citizenship by Operation of Law of Persons Born Before Malaysia Day.
4
Chapter 2 on Termination of Citizenship.
5
Part III on Citizenship.
6
Part X on Public Services.
7
Part XV on Proceedings Against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers.