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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishSubject to the provisions of section 44 of this Constitution, an appeal shall lie from decisions of the High Court to the Court of Appeal as of right in the following cases-
a. final decisions in any civil or criminal proceedings on questions as to the interpretation of this Constitution;
b. final decisions given in exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on the High Court by section 18 of this Constitution (which relates to the enforcement of the fundamental rights and freedom); and
c. such other cases as may be prescribed by Parliament. (Sec. 121)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English(1) The Constitutional Court shall act on an initiative from not fewer than one-fifth of all Members of the National Assembly, the President, the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court of Cassation, the Supreme Administrative Court or the Prosecutor General. A challenge to competence pursuant to para 1 item 3 of the preceding Article may further be filed by a municipal council.
(2) Should it find a discrepancy between law and the Constitution, the Supreme Court of Cassation or the Supreme Administrative Court shall suspend the proceedings on a case and shall refer the matter to the Constitutional Court.
(3) The Ombudsman may approach the Constitutional Court with a request for declaring as unconstitutional a law which infringes human rights and freedoms.
(4) The Supreme Judicial Council may approach the Constitutional Court with a petition to establish unconstitutionality of any law whereby any rights and freedoms of citizens are violated. (Art. 150) - Bulgarian(1) Конституционният съд действува по инициатива най-малко на една пета от народните представители, президента, Министерския съвет, Върховния касационен съд, Върховния административен съд и главния прокурор. Спорове за компетентност по т. 3 на ал. 1 от предходния член могат да се повдигат и от общинските съвети.
(2) Когато установят несъответствие между закона и Конституцията, Върховният касационен съд или Върховният административен съд спират производството по делото и внасят въпроса в Конституционния съд.
(3) Омбудсманът може да сезира Конституционния съд с искане за установяване на противоконституционност на закон, с който се нарушават права и свободи на гражданите.
(4) Висшият адвокатски съвет може да сезира Конституционния съд с искане за установяване на противоконституционност на закон, с който се нарушават права и свободи на гражданите. (Чл. 150)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English
The organic laws before their promulgation, the Internal Regulations of the National Assembly, of the High Authority for Broadcasting and of Communication and of the Economic and Social Council prior to their implementation, must be submitted to the Constitutional Court which decides on their conformity with the Constitution. (Art. 123)
- French
Les lois organiques avant leur promulgation, les Règlements intérieurs de l'Assemblée nationale, de la Haute Autorité de l'Audiovisuel et de la Communication et du Conseil économique et social avant leur mise en application, doivent être soumis à la Cour constitutionnelle qui se prononce sur leur conformité à la Constitution. (Art. 123)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishIn case of a state of urgency or of state of siege, the President of the Republic takes, by ordinances deliberated in the Council of Ministers, the measures necessary to respond to the situation.
These ordinances are, on their signature, submitted to the Constitutional Court which, ceasing other matters, declares if they derogate or not from this Constitution. (Art. 145) - FrenchEn cas d’état d’urgence ou d’état de siège, le Président de la République prend, par ordonnances délibérées en Conseil des ministres, les mesures nécessaires pour faire face à la situation.
Ces ordonnances sont, dès leur signature, soumises à la Cour constitutionnelle qui, toutes affaires cessantes, déclare si elles dérogent ou non à la présente Constitution. (Art. 145)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English
The Federal Supreme Court may, ex-officio or upon request, upon decision of two thirds of its members, and following reiterated judicial decisions on constitutional matter, issue a summula (restatement of case law) which, as from publication in the official press, shall have a binding effect upon the lower bodies of the Judicial Power and the direct and indirect public administration, in the federal, state, and local levels, and which may also be reviewed or revoked, as set forth in law.
Paragraph 1. The purpose of a summula is to validate, construe, and impart effectiveness to some rules about which there is a current controversy among judicial bodies or among such bodies and the public administration, and such controversy brings about serious juridical insecurity and the filing of multiple lawsuits involving similar issues.
Paragraph 2. Without prejudice to the provisions the law may establish, the issuance, review, or revocation of a summula may be requested by those who may file a direct action of unconstitutionality.
Paragraph 3. An administrative act or judicial decision which contradicts the applicable summula or which unduly applies a summula may be appealed to the Supreme Federal Court, and if the appeal is granted, such Court shall declare the administrative act null and void or overrule the appealed judicial decision, ordering that a new judicial decision be issued, with or without applying the summula, as the case may be. (Art. 103-A) - Portuguese
O Supremo Tribunal Federal poderá, de ofício ou por provocação, mediante decisão de dois terços dos seus membros, após reiteradas decisões sobre matéria constitucional, aprovar súmula que, a partir de sua publicação na imprensa oficial, terá efeito vinculante em relação aos demais órgãos do Poder Judiciário e à administração pública direta e indireta, nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, bem como proceder à sua revisão ou cancelamento, na forma estabelecida em lei.
§ 1º A súmula terá por objetivo a validade, a interpretação e a eficácia de normas determinadas, acerca das quais haja controvérsia atual entre órgãos judiciários ou entre esses e a administração pública que acarrete grave insegurança jurídica e relevante multiplicação de processos sobre questão idêntica.
§ 2º Sem prejuízo do que vier a ser estabelecido em lei, a aprovação, revisão ou cancelamento de súmula poderá ser provocada por aqueles que podem propor a ação direta de inconstitucionalidade.
§ 3º Do ato administrativo ou decisão judicial que contrariar a súmula aplicável ou que indevidamente a aplicar, caberá reclamação ao Supremo Tribunal Federal que, julgando-a procedente, anulará o ato administrativo ou cassará a decisão judicial reclamada, e determinará que outra seja proferida com ou sem a aplicação da súmula, conforme o caso. (Art. 103-A)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishAll persons have the right to the recourse of habeas corpus to guarantee their personal freedom and integrity, and to the recourse of amparo to maintain or reestablish the enjoyment of the other rights consecrated in this Constitution, as well as those of a fundamental character established in the international instruments concerning human rights, applicable in the Republic. Both recourses will be of the competence of the Chamber indicated in Article 10. (Art. 48)
- SpanishToda persona tiene derecho al recurso de hábeas corpus para garantizar su libertad e integridad personales, y al recurso de amparo para mantener o restablecer el goce de los otros derechos consagrados en esta Constitución, así como de los de carácter fundamental establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales sobre derechos humanos, aplicables en la República. Ambos recursos serán de competencia de la Sala indicada en el artículo 10. (Art. 48)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English(1) The Constitutional Court shall be the principal organ for the protection of the Fundamental Law.
(2) The Constitutional Court
a) shall examine the compliance of Acts which have been adopted but not yet promulgated with the Fundamental Law;
b) shall, at the initiative of a judge, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law applicable in a particular case as a priority but within no more than ninety days;
c) shall, on the basis of a constitutional complaint, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law applied in a particular case;
d) shall, on the basis of a constitutional complaint, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any judicial decision;
e) shall, at the initiative of the Government, one quarter of the Members of the National Assembly, the President of the Curia, the Prosecutor General or the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights, review the conformity with the Fundamental Law of any law;
f) shall examine any law for conflict with any international treaties;
g) shall exercise further functions and powers as laid down in the Fundamental Law and in a cardinal Act.
(3) The Constitutional Court
a) shall, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) b), c), and e), annul any law or any provision of a law which conflicts with the Fundamental Law;
b) shall, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) d), annul any judicial decision which conflicts with the Fundamental Law;
c) may, within its powers set out in paragraph (2) f), annul any law or any provision of a law which conflicts with an international treaty; and shall determine legal consequences as set out in a cardinal Act.
(4) Those provisions of a law that were not requested to be reviewed may be reviewed and annulled by the Constitutional Court only if there is a close substantive connection between them and the provisions requested to be reviewed.
(5) The Constitutional Court may review the Fundamental Law or the amendment of the Fundamental Law only in relation to the procedural requirements laid down in the Fundamental Law for making and promulgating it. Such an examination may be initiated by:
a) the President of the Republic in respect of the Fundamental Law or the amendment of the Fundamental Law if adopted but not yet promulgated;
b) the Government, one quarter of the Members of the National Assembly, the President of the Curia, the Prosecutor General or the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights within thirty days of promulgation.
…
(7) The Constitutional Court shall, as provided for by a cardinal Act, hear the drafter of the rule, the initiator of the law or their representative or shall obtain their opinions during its review if the matter affects a wide range of persons. This stage of the procedure shall be public.
… (The State, Art. 24) - Hungarian(1) Az Alkotmánybíróság az Alaptörvény védelmének legfőbb szerve.
(2) Az Alkotmánybíróság
a) az Alaptörvénnyel való összhang szempontjából megvizsgálja az elfogadott, de ki nem hirdetett törvényeket;
b) bírói kezdeményezésre soron kívül, de legkésőbb kilencven napon belül felülvizsgálja az egyedi ügyben alkalmazandó jogszabálynak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
c) alkotmányjogi panasz alapján felülvizsgálja az egyedi ügyben alkalmazott jogszabálynak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
d) alkotmányjogi panasz alapján felülvizsgálja a bírói döntésnek az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
e) a Kormány, az országgyűlési képviselők egynegyede, a Kúria elnöke, a legfőbb ügyész vagy az alapvető jogok biztosa kezdeményezésére felülvizsgálja a jogszabályoknak az Alaptörvénnyel való összhangját;
f) vizsgálja a jogszabályok nemzetközi szerződésbe ütközését;
g) az Alaptörvényben, illetve sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott további feladat- és hatásköröket gyakorol.
(3) Az Alkotmánybíróság
a) a (2) bekezdés b), c) és e) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisíti az Alaptörvénnyel ellentétes jogszabályt vagy jogszabályi rendelkezést;
b) a (2) bekezdés d) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisíti az Alaptörvénnyel ellentétes bírói döntést;
c) a (2) bekezdés f) pontjában foglalt hatáskörében megsemmisítheti a nemzetközi szerződésbe ütköző jogszabályt vagy jogszabályi rendelkezést; illetve sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott jogkövetkezményt állapít meg.
(4) Az Alkotmánybíróság a jogszabály felülvizsgálni nem kért rendelkezését csak abban az esetben vizsgálhatja, illetve semmisítheti meg, ha az a felülvizsgálni kért jogszabályi rendelkezéssel szoros tartalmi összefüggésben áll.
(5) Az Alkotmánybíróság az Alaptörvényt és az Alaptörvény módosítását csak a megalkotására és kihirdetésére vonatkozó, az Alaptörvényben foglalt eljárási követelmények tekintetében vizsgálhatja felül. E vizsgálatot
a) az elfogadott, de még ki nem hirdetett Alaptörvény és Alaptörvény-módosítás tekintetében a köztársasági elnök,
b) a kihirdetéstől számított harminc napon belül a Kormány, az országgyűlési képviselők egynegyede, a Kúria elnöke, a legfőbb ügyész vagy az alapvető jogok biztosa
kezdeményezheti.
…
(7) Az Alkotmánybíróság sarkalatos törvényben meghatározottak szerint a jogszabály megalkotóját, a törvény kezdeményezőjét vagy képviselőjüket meghallgatja, illetve véleményüket eljárása során beszerzi, ha az ügy a személyek széles körét érinti. Az eljárás ezen szakasza nyilvános.
… (Az Állam, 24. cikk)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe Constitutional Council shall have jurisdiction in matters pertaining to the Constitution. It shall rule on the constitutionality of laws. It shall be the organ regulating the functioning of the institutions. (Art. 46)
- FrenchLe Conseil Constitutionnel est l’instance compétente en matière constitutionnelle. Il statue sur la constitutionnalité des lois. Il est l’organe régulateur du fonctionnement des institutions. (Art. 46)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishAny justiciable [person] may, by way of a process before an ordinary tribunal, raise a pleadings [exception] of constitutionality against a law or an ordinance which affects recognition [méconnaîtrait] of their fundamental rights.
The presiding judge refers the Constitutional Court to [the matter] by way of prejudicial pleadings.
… (Art. 86) - FrenchTout justiciable peut, à l'occasion d'un procès devant un tribunal ordinaire, soulever une exception d'inconstitutionnalité à l’encontre d'une loi ou d'une ordonnance qui méconnaîtrait ses droits fondamentaux.
Le juge du siège saisit la Cour Constitutionnelle par voie d'exception préjudicielle.
… (Art. 86)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishCitizens individually or collectively shall be entitled to file a special petition for protection against judgments, final writs or resolutions that have the force of sentencing. For ruling on the admissibility of this appeal, the court shall check compliance with the following requirements:
1. That the judgments, writs and resolutions are final and fully enforceable.
2. That the complainant shows that, in the judgment, there has been a breach, either by deed or omission, of due process of law or other rights enshrined in the Constitution. (Art. 437) - SpanishLos ciudadanos en forma individual o colectiva podrán presentar una acción extraordinaria de protección contra sentencias, autos definitivos y resoluciones con fuerza de sentencia. Para la admisión de este recurso la Corte constatará el cumplimiento de los siguientes requisitos:
1. Que se trate de sentencias, autos y resoluciones firmes o ejecutoriados.
2. Que el recurrente demuestre que en el juzgamiento se ha violado, por acción u omisión, el debido proceso u otros derechos reconocidos en la Constitución. (Art. 437)