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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Limitations and/or Derogations
Zimbabwe
- English(1) In addition to the limitations permitted by section 86, the fundamental rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter may be further limited by a written law providing for measures to deal with situations arising during a period of public emergency, but only to the extent permitted by this section and the Second Schedule.10
(2) A written law referred to in subsection (1) and any legislative measures taken under that law, must be published in the Gazette.
(3) Any limitation which a written law referred to in subsection (1) imposes on a fundamental right or freedom set out in this Chapter must not be greater than is strictly required by the emergency.
(4) No law that provides for a declaration of a state of emergency, and no legislative or other measure taken in consequence of such a declaration, may—
(a) indemnify, or permit or authorise an indemnity for, the State or any institution or agency of the government at any level, or any other person, in respect of any unlawful act; or
(b) limit any of the rights referred to in section 86(3), or authorise or permit any of those rights to be violated. (Sec. 87)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Estonia
- EnglishThe rights, freedoms and duties set out in this chapter do not preclude other rights, freedoms and duties which arise from the spirit of the Constitution or are in accordance therewith, and which are in conformity with the principles of human dignity, social justice and democratic government founded on the rule of law. (Sec. 10)
- EstonianKäesolevas peatükis loetletud õigused, vabadused ja kohustused ei välista muid õigusi, vabadusi ega kohustusi, mis tulenevad põhiseaduse mõttest või on sellega kooskõlas ja vastavad inimväärikuse ning sotsiaalse ja demokraatliku õigusriigi põhimõtetele. (§ 10)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Ghana
- English…
(4) Nothing in, or done under the authority of, a law shall be held to be inconsistent with, or in contravention of, this article to the extent that the law in question makes provision—
(a) for the imposition of restrictions by order of a court, that are required in the interest of defence, public safety or public order, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person; or
(b) for the imposition of restrictions, by order of a court, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person either as a result of his having been found guilty of a criminal offence under the laws of Ghana or for the purposes of ensuring that he appears before a court at a later date for trial for a criminal offence or for proceedings relating to his extradition or lawful removal from Ghana; or
(c) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interest of defence, public safety, public health or the running of essential services, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person or persons generally, or any class of persons; or
(d) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of entry into Ghana, or of movement in Ghana, of a person who is not a citizen of Ghana; or
(e) that is reasonably required for the purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana against the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood of Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or incites hatred against other members of the community;
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority of that law is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in terms of the spirit of this Constitution.
… (Art. 21)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- EnglishI. The validity of the declaration of the state of emergency shall depend on the subsequent approval of the Pluri-National Legislative Assembly, which shall take place as soon as circumstances permit, and in all cases, within seventy two hours following the declaration of the state of emergency. The approval of the declaration shall indicate the powers conferred, and it shall maintain strict relation and proportion to the case of necessity addressed by the state of emergency. In general, the rights consecrated in the Constitution shall not be suspended by the declaration of the state of emergency.
… (Art. 138) - SpanishI. La vigencia de la declaración del estado de excepción dependerá de la aprobación posterior de la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional, que tendrá lugar apenas las circunstancias lo permitan y, en todo caso, dentro de las siguientes setenta y dos horas a la declaración del estado de excepción. La aprobación de la declaración indicará las facultades conferidas y guardará estricta relación y proporción con el caso de necesidad atendida por el estado de excepción. Los derechos consagrados en la Constitución no quedarán en general suspendidos por la declaración del estado de excepción.
... (Art. 138)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Latvia
- EnglishThe rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs. (Art. 116)
- LatvianPersonas tiesības, kas noteiktas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu. (Art. 116)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Lesotho
- English1. Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of the following—
…
the provisions of this Chapter7 shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms, subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any person does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest.
… (Sec. 4)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Colombia
- EnglishThe enunciation of the rights and guarantees contained in the Constitution and in the international agreements in effect must not be understood as a negation of others which, being inherent to the human person, are not expressly mentioned in them. (Art. 94)
- SpanishLa enunciación de los derechos y garantías contenidos en la Constitución y en los convenios internacionales vigentes, no debe entenderse como negación de otros que, siendo inherentes a la persona humana, no figuren expresamente en ellos. (Art. 94)
Limitations and/or Derogations
North Macedonia
- EnglishThe freedoms and rights of the individual and citizen can be restricted only in cases determined by the Constitution. The freedoms and rights of the individual and citizen can be restricted during states of war or emergency, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. The restriction of freedoms and rights cannot discriminate on grounds of sex, race, colour of skin, language, religion, national or social origin, property or social status. The restriction of freedoms and rights cannot be applied to the right to life, the interdiction of torture, inhuman and humiliating conduct and punishment, the legal determination of punishable offences and sentences, as well as to the freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought, public expression of thought, and religious confession. (Art. 54)
- MacedonianСлободите и правата на човекот и граѓанинот можат да се ограничат само во случаи утврдени со Уставот. Слободите и правата на човекот и граѓанинот можат да бидат ограничени за време на воена или вонредна состојба според одредбите на Уставот. Ограничувањето на слободите и правата не може да биде дискриминаторско по основ на пол, раса, боја на кожа, јазик, вера, национално или социјално потекло, имотна или општествена положба. Ограничувањето на слободите и правата не може да се однесува на правото на живот, забраната на мачење, на нечовечко и понижувачко постапување и казнување, на правната одреденост на казнивите дела и казните, како и на слободата на уверувањето, совеста, мислата, јавното изразување на мислата и вероисповеста. (Член 54)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Mozambique
- English…
2. The exercise of rights and freedoms may be restricted for the purposes of safeguarding other rights and interests that are protected by the Constitution.
3. The law may restrict rights, freedoms and guarantees only in cases expressly provided for in the Constitution.
4. Legal restrictions on rights and freedoms shall be of a general and abstract nature and shall not have retroactive effect. (Art. 56) - Portuguese…
2. O exercício dos direitos e liberdades pode ser limitado em razão da salvaguarda de outros direitos ou interesses protegidos pela Constituição.
3. A lei só pode limitar os direitos, liberdades e garantias nos casos expressamente previstos na Constituição.
4. As restrições legais dos direitos e das liberdades devem revestir carácter geral e abstracto e não podem ter efeito retroactivo. (Art. 56)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Ecuador
- EnglishThe exercise of rights shall be governed by the following principles:
1. Rights can be exercised, promoted and enforced individually or collectively before competent authorities; these authorities shall guarantee their enforcement.
…
3. The rights and guarantees set forth in the Constitution and in international human rights instruments shall be directly and immediately enforced by and before any civil, administrative or judicial servant, either by virtue of their office or at the request of the party.
For the exercise of rights and constitutional guarantees, no conditions or requirements shall be established other than those set forth in the Constitution or by law.
Rights shall be fully actionable. Absence of a legal regulatory framework cannot be alleged to justify their infringement or ignorance thereof, to dismiss proceedings filed as a result of these actions or to deny their recognition.
4. No legal regulation can restrict the contents of rights or constitutional guarantees.
… (Art. 11) - SpanishEI ejercicio de los derechos se regirá por los siguientes principios:
1. Los derechos se podrán ejercer, promover y exigir de forma individual o colectiva ante las autoridades competentes; estas autoridades garantizarán su cumplimiento.
…
3. Los derechos y garantías establecidos en la Constitución y en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos serán de directa e inmediata aplicación por y ante cualquier servidora o servidor público, administrativo o judicial, de oficio o a petición de parte.
Para el ejercicio de los derechos y las garantías constitucionales no se exigirán condiciones o requisitos que no estén establecidos en la Constitución o la ley.
Los derechos serán plenamente justiciables. No podrá alegarse falta de norma jurídica para justificar su violación o desconocimiento, para desechar la acción por esos hechos ni para negar su reconocimiento.
4. Ninguna norma jurídica podrá restringir el contenido de los derechos ni de las garantías constitucionales.
… (Art. 11)