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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Affirmative Action (Broadly)
- EnglishAll people are born free and equal before the law, receive the same protection and treatment from institutions, authorities, and other people and enjoy the same rights liberties and opportunities, without any discrimination for reasons of gender, color, age, disability, nationality, family ties, language, religions, political or philosophical opinion, social or personal condition. Consequently:
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3. The State should promote judicial and administrative conditions so that equality may be real and effective and shall adopt methods to prevent and combat discrimination, marginalization, vulnerability and exclusion;
4. Women and men are equal before the law. Any act that has the objective or result of diminishing or annulling the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of fundamental rights of woman and men in conditions of equality is prohibited.
5. The State should promote and guarantee the equal participation of women and men in candidate lists to the offices of popular election for the instances of guidance and decision in the public sphere, in the administration of justice, and in the State-controlled bodies. (Art. 39) - SpanishTodas las personas nacen libres e iguales ante la ley, reciben la misma protección y trato de las instituciones, autoridades y demás personas y gozan de los mismos derechos, libertades y oportunidades, sin ninguna discriminación por razones de género, color, edad, discapacidad, nacionalidad, vínculos familiares, lengua, religión, opinión política o filosófica, condición social o personal. En consecuencia:
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3) El Estado debe promover las condiciones jurídicas y administrativas para que la igualdad sea real y efectiva y adoptará medidas para prevenir y combatir la discriminación, la marginalidad, la vulnerabilidad y la exclusión;
4) La mujer y el hombre son iguales ante la ley. Se prohíbe cualquier acto que tenga como objetivo o resultado menoscabar o anular el reconocimiento, goce o ejercicio en condiciones de igualdad de los derechos fundamentales de mujeres y hombres. Se promoverán las medidas necesarias para garantizar la erradicación de las desigualdades y la discriminación de género;
5) El Estado debe promover y garantizar la participación equilibrada de mujeres y hombres en las candidaturas a los cargos de elección popular para las instancias de dirección y decisión en el ámbito público, en la administración de justicia y en los organismos de control del Estado. (Art. 39)
Affirmative Action (Broadly)
- English
The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate shall convene, respectively, a special session for the purpose of electing the members of the Expert Commission. This Commission shall be composed of 24 individuals. The Commission shall propose to the Constitutional Council a draft proposal for a new Constitution, and perform other functions established by this Constitution. Its composition shall be gender-balanced.
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The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies shall elect an equal number of men and women, respectively.
... (Art. 145) - Spanish
La Cámara de Diputados y el Senado convocarán, respectivamente, a sesión especial con el objeto de elegir a los miembros de la Comisión Experta. Dicha Comisión estará compuesta por 24 personas. Esta Comisión deberá proponer al Consejo Constitucional un anteproyecto de propuesta de nueva Constitución, y realizar las demás funciones que esta Constitución le fije. Su integración será paritaria.
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El Senado y la Cámara de Diputados deberán elegir el mismo número de hombres y mujeres, respectivamente.
... (Art. 145)
Affirmative Action (Broadly)
- EnglishThe Haitian people proclaim this Constitution:
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To assure to women a representation in the instances of power and of decision which must conform to the equality of the sexes and to equity of gender. (Preamble) - FrenchLe Peuple Haïtien proclame la présente Constitution:
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Pour assurer aux femmes une représentation dans les instances de pouvoir et de décision qui soit conforme à l’égalité des sexes et à l’équité de genre. (Préambule)
Affirmative Action (Broadly)
- English…
Actual equality of opportunities for men and women to elective and political party positions shall be guaranteed by means of positive actions in the regulation of political parties and in the electoral system. (Sec. 37) - Spanish…
La igualdad real de oportunidades entre varones y mujeres para el acceso a cargos electivos y partidarios se garantizará por acciones positivas en la regulación de los partidos políticos y en el régimen electoral. (Art. 37)
Citizenship and Nationality
- EnglishThe nationals by birth of the republics that constituted the Federation of Central America, if they acquire domicile in Guatemala and manifest before the competent authority their wish to become Guatemalans, will also be considered Guatemalans of origin. In such case they can retain their nationality of origin, without prejudice to what is established in [the] Central American treaties or agreements. (Art. 145)
- SpanishTambién se consideran guatemaltecos de origen, a los nacionales por nacimiento, de las repúblicas que constituyeron la Federación de Centroamérica, si adquieren domicilio en Guatemala y manifestaren ante autoridad competente, su deseo de ser guatemaltecos. En este caso podrán conservar su nacionalidad de origen, sin perjuicio de lo que se establezca en tratados o convenios centroamericanos. (Art. 145)
Citizenship and Nationality
- EnglishForeigners may obtain Paraguayan nationality through naturalization if they meet the following requirements:
1. majority of age;
2. minimum residence of three years in [the] national territory;
3. regular exercise in the country of any profession, job [oficio], science, art or industry, and
4. good conduct, defined in the law. (Art. 148) - SpanishLos extranjeros podrán obtener la nacionalidad paraguaya por naturalización si reúnen los siguientes requisitos:
1. mayoría de edad:
2. radicación mínima de tres años en territorio nacional;
3. ejercicio en el país de alguna profesión, oficio, ciencia, arte o industria, y
4. buena conducta, definida en la ley. (Art. 148)
Citizenship and Nationality
- EnglishThe following persons are Ecuadorians by birth:
1. Persons born in Ecuador.
2. Persons born abroad of a mother or father born in Ecuador and their descendants up to the third degree of consanguinity.
3. Persons belonging to communities, peoples or nations recognized by the State living in border areas. (Art. 7) - SpanishSon ecuatorianas y ecuatorianos por nacimiento:
1. Las personas nacidas en el Ecuador.
2. Las personas nacidas en el extranjero de madre o padre nacidos en el Ecuador; y sus descendientes hasta el tercer grado de consanguinidad.
3. Las personas pertenecientes a comunidades, pueblos o nacionalidades reconocidos por el Ecuador con presencia en las zonas de frontera. (Art. 7)
Citizenship and Nationality
- EnglishAny person who became a citizen by birth under section 9(1) or a citizen by descent under section 9(2) of the former Constitution, and who has not ceased to be a citizen under that Constitution, shall continue to be a citizen under this Constitution. (Sec. 15)
Citizenship and Nationality
- English(1) The following persons shall be entitled, upon making application, to be registered as citizens--
a. any woman who is married to a citizen or who has been married to a person who, at any time during the period during which they were married to each other, was a citizen;
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e. any woman who is married to any such person as is mentioned in paragraph (b), (c) or d. of this subsection or who was married to a person who, at any time during the period during which they were married to each other, was entitled to be registered as a citizen under any such paragraph;
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f. any woman who, before the commencement of this Constitution, has been married to a person—
i) who becomes a citizen by virtue of section 90 of this Constitution; or
ii) who, having died before such commencement, would but for his death have become a citizen by virtue of that section,
(2) The following persons shall be entitled, upon making application, to be registered as citizens—
a. any man who is married to a citizen or who has been married to a person who, at any time during the period during which they were married to each other, was a citizen;
b. any person who, being a Commonwealth citizen, is and for seven years previous to his application has been ordinarily resident in Saint Vincent;
c. any man who is married to any such person as is mentioned in paragraph (b), (c) or (d) of subsection (1) of this section or who was married to a person who, at any time during the period during which they were married to each other, was entitled to apply to be registered as a citizen under any such paragraph;
d. any person under the age of twenty-one years who is the stepchild or child adopted in a manner recognised by law of a citizen or is the child, stepchild or child so adopted of a person who is or would but for his death have been entitled to be registered as a citizen under subsection (1) of this section:
Provided that if it is so provided by Parliament an application for registration as a citizen under this subsection may, in such circumstances as may be prescribed by Parliament in the interests of defence, public safety or public order, be refused by the Minister responsible for the matter in any case in which he is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for refusing the application.
(3) An application under this section shall be made in such manner as may be prescribed, as respects that application, by or under a law enacted by Parliament and, in the case of a person to whom subsection (2) (d) of this section applies, it shall be made on his behalf by his parent or guardian:
Provided that, if any such person is or has been married, he may make the application himself.
… (Sec. 93)
Citizenship and Nationality
- EnglishThe law establishes the conditions in which an individual may acquire the Haitian nationality. (Art. 11-1)
- FrenchLa loi établit les conditions dans lesquelles un individu peut acquérir la nationalité haïtienne. (Art. 11.1)