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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Limitations and/or Derogations
Montenegro
- EnglishDuring the proclaimed state of war or emergency, the exercise of certain human rights and freedoms may be limited, to the necessary extent.
The limitations shall not be introduced on the grounds of sex, nationality, race, religion, language, ethnic or social origin, political or other beliefs, financial standing or any other personal feature.
There shall be no limitations imposed on the rights to: life, legal remedy and legal aid; dignity and respect of a person; fair and public trail and the principle of legality; presumption of innocence; defence; compensation of damage for illegal or ungrounded deprivation of liberty and ungrounded conviction; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; entry into marriage.
There shall be no abolishment of the prohibition of: inflicting or encouraging hatred or intolerance; discrimination; trial and conviction twice for one and the same criminal offence (ne bis in idem); forced assimilation.
Measures of limitation may be in effect at the most for the duration of the state of war or emergency. (Art. 25) - MontenegrinZa vrijeme proglašenog ratnog ili vanrednog stanja može se ograničiti ostvarivanje pojedinih ljudskih prava i sloboda, u obimu u kojem je to neophodno.
Ograničenje se ne smije činiti po osnovu pola, nacionalnosti, rase, vjere, jezika, etničkog ili društvenog porijekla, političkog ili drugog uvjerenja, imovnog stanja ili bilo kakvog drugog ličnog svojstva.
Ne mogu se ograničiti prava na: život; pravni lijek i pravnu pomoć; dostojanstvo i poštovanje ličnosti; pravično i javno suđenje i načelo zakonitosti; pretpostavku nevinosti; odbranu; naknadu štete za nezakonito ili neosnovano lišenje slobode i neosnovanu osudu; slobodu misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijesti; zaključenje braka.
Ne mogu se ukidati zabrane: izazivanja ili podsticanja mržnje ili netrpeljivosti; diskriminacije; ponovnog suđenja i osude za isto krivično djelo; nasilne asimilacije.
Mjere ograničenja mogu važiti najduže dok traje ratno ili vanredno stanje. (Član 25)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Malawi
- English1. Save in so far as it may be authorized to do so by this Constitution, the National Assembly or any subordinate legislative authority shall not make any law, and the executive and the agencies of Government shall not take any action, which abolishes or abridges the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter, and any law or action in contravention thereof shall, to the extent of the contravention, be invalid.
… (Sec. 46)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Mexico
- EnglishIn the cases of invasion, grave disturbance of the public peace, or any other which places society in grave danger or conflict, only the President of the United Mexican States, with the approval of the Congress of the Union or of the Permanent Commission when it is not meeting, may restrict or suspend in all the country or in a specific place the exercise of the rights and guarantees which could be an obstacle to [a] rapid and effective [fácilmente] response [frente] to the situation; but he must do so for a limited time, by means of general preventions without the restriction or the suspension being limited to a specified person. If the restriction or suspension should take place while the Congress is meeting, it will concede the authorizations that it deems necessary for the Executive to respond to the situation; but if it is verified in a time of recess, the Congress will be convoked immediately to agree to them.
In the decrees which are enacted, [the following] may not be restricted or suspended[:] the exercise of the rights to non-discrimination, to recognition of juridical personality, to life, to personal integrity, to the protection of the family, to [one's] name, to nationality; the rights of the child; the political rights; the freedoms of thought, conscience and of professing any religious belief; the principle of legality and retroactivity; the prohibition of the penalty of death; the prohibition of slavery and servitude; the prohibition of forced disappearance and torture; neither the judicial guarantees indispensible for the protection of these rights.
The restriction or suspension of the exercise of the rights and guarantees must be substantiated and motivated in the terms established by this Constitution and be proportional to the danger that it confronts, observing at each moment the principles of legality, rationality, proclamation, publicity, and non-discrimination.
When the restriction or suspension of the exercise of the rights and guarantees is brought to an end, as well as for the compliance with the time [plazo] or reason [porque] as the Congress decrees [it], all the legal and administrative measures adopted during its effectiveness will be of no effect in immediate form. The Executive may not make observations to the decrees by means of which the Congress revokes the restriction or suspension.
The decrees enacted by the Executive during the restriction or suspension, must be reviewed [revisdos], of office and immediately[,] by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, which must decide on them with the greatest promptness concerning their constitutionality and validity. (Art. 29) - SpanishEn los casos de invasión, perturbación grave de la paz pública, o de cualquier otro que ponga a la sociedad en grave peligro o conflicto, solamente el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, con la aprobación del Congreso de la Unión o de la Comisión Permanente cuando aquel no estuviere reunido, podrá restringir o suspender en todo el país o en lugar determinado el ejercicio de los derechos y las garantías que fuesen obstáculo para hacer frente, rápida y fácilmente a la situación; pero deberá hacerlo por un tiempo limitado, por medio de prevenciones generales y sin que la restricción o suspensión se contraiga a determinada persona. Si la restricción o suspensión tuviese lugar hallándose el Congreso reunido, éste concederá las autorizaciones que estime necesarias para que el Ejecutivo haga frente a la situación; pero si se verificase en tiempo de receso, se convocará de inmediato al Congreso para que las acuerde.
En los decretos que se expidan, no podrá restringirse ni suspenderse el ejercicio de los derechos a la no discriminación, al reconocimiento de la personalidad jurídica, a la vida, a la integridad personal, a la protección a la familia, al nombre, a la nacionalidad; los derechos de la niñez; los derechos políticos; las libertades de pensamiento, conciencia y de profesar creencia religiosa alguna; el principio de legalidad y retroactividad; la prohibición de la pena de muerte; la prohibición de la esclavitud y la servidumbre; la prohibición de la desaparición forzada y la tortura; ni las garantías judiciales indispensables para la protección de tales derechos.
La restricción o suspensión del ejercicio de los derechos y garantías debe estar fundada y motivada en los términos establecidos por esta Constitución y ser proporcional al peligro a que se hace frente, observando en todo momento los principios de legalidad, racionalidad, proclamación, publicidad y no discriminación.
Cuando se ponga fin a la restricción o suspensión del ejercicio de los derechos y garantías, bien sea por cumplirse el plazo o porque así lo decrete el Congreso, todas las medidas legales y administrativas adoptadas durante su vigencia quedarán sin efecto de forma inmediata. El Ejecutivo no podrá hacer observaciones al decreto mediante el cual el Congreso revoque la restricción o suspensión.
Los decretos expedidos por el Ejecutivo durante la restricción o suspensión, serán revisados de oficio e inmediatamente por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, la que deberá pronunciarse con la mayor prontitud sobre su constitucionalidad y validez. (Art. 29)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Russian Federation
- English…
2. In the Russian Federation no laws must be adopted which abolish or diminish human and civil rights and freedoms.
3. Human and civil rights and freedoms may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary for the protection of the basis of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other people, and for ensuring the defence of the country and the security of the State. (Art. 55) - Russian…
2. В Российской Федерации не должны издаваться законы, отменяющие или умаляющие права и свободы человека и гражданина.
3. Права и свободы человека и гражданина могут быть ограничены федеральным законом только в той мере, в какой это необходимо в целях защиты основ конституционного строя, нравственности, здоровья, прав и законных интересов других лиц, обеспечения обороны страны и безопасности государства. (Статья 55)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Iraq
- EnglishRestricting or limiting the practice of any of the rights or liberties stipulated in this Constitution is prohibited, except by a law or on the basis of a law, and insofar as that limitation or restriction does not violate the essence of the right or freedom. (Art. 46)
- Arabicلا يكون تقييد ممارسة أيٍ من الحقوق والحريات الواردة في هذا الدستور أو تحديدها الا بقانون أو بناءً عليه، على ان لا يمس ذلك التحديد والتقييد جوهر الحق أو الحرية. (المادة 46)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Saint Lucia
- EnglishWhereas every person in Saint Lucia is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely—
(a) life, liberty, security of the person, equality before the law and the protection of the law;
(b) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; and
(c) protection for his or her family life, his or her personal privacy, the privacy of his or her home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,
the provisions of this Chapter4 shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any person does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest. (Sec. 1)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Switzerland
- English1 All significant provisions that establish binding legal rules must be enacted in the form of a federal act. These include in particular fundamental provisions on:
…
b. the restriction of constitutional rights;
… (Art. 164) - French1 Toutes les dispositions importantes qui fixent des règles de droit doivent être édictées sous la forme d’une loi fédérale. Appartiennent en particulier à cette catégorie les dispositions fondamentales relatives:
…
b. à la restriction des droits constitutionnels;
… (Art. 164) - German1 Alle wichtigen rechtsetzenden Bestimmungen sind in der Form des Bundesgesetzes zu erlassen. Dazu gehören insbesondere die grundlegenden Bestimmungen über:
…
b. die Einschränkungen verfassungsmässiger Rechte;
… (Art. 164) - Italian1 Tutte le disposizioni importanti che contengono norme di diritto sono emanate sotto forma di legge federale. Vi rientrano in particolare le disposizioni fondamentali in materia di:
…
b. restrizioni dei diritti costituzionali;
… (Art. 164)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Nigeria
- English(1) Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society –
(a) in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or
(b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedom or other persons.
(2) An act of the National Assembly shall not be invalidated by reason only that it provides for the taking, during periods of emergency, of measures that derogate from the provisions of section 33 or 35 of this Constitution; but no such measures shall be taken in pursuance of any such act during any period of emergency save to the extent that those measures are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period of emergency:
Provided that nothing in this section shall authorise any derogation from the provisions of section 33 of this Constitution, except in respect of death resulting from acts of war or authorise any derogation from the provisions of section 36(8) of this Constitution.
(3) In this section, a "period of emergency" means any period during which there is in force a Proclamation of a state of emergency declared by the President in exercise of the powers conferred on him under section 305 of this Constitution. (Sec. 45)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Maldives
- English(a) This Constitution guarantees to all persons, in a manner that is not contrary to any tenet of Islam, the rights and freedoms contained within this Chapter5 subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis in a manner that is not contrary to this Constitution. Any such law enacted by the People’s Majlis can limit the rights and freedoms to any extent only if demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.
(b) The limitation of a right or freedom specified in this Chapter by a law enacted by the People’s Majlis as provided for in this Constitution, and in order to protect and maintain the tenets of Islam, shall not be contrary to article (a).
(c) In deciding whether a right or freedom in this Chapter, has been limited in accordance with article (a) and (b), a court must be fully cognisant of and make reference to all the facts, including:
1. the nature and character of the right or freedom;
2. the purpose and importance of limiting the right or freedom;
3. the extent and manner of limiting the right or freedom;
4. the relationship between the limitation of the right or freedom and the importance of the right or freedom;
5. the extent to which the objective for which the right or freedom has been limited could have been achieved by limiting the right or freedom to a lesser degree;
6. the extent to which the right or freedom must be limited in order to protect the tenets of Islam, where the right or freedom has been limited pursuant to article (b).
(d) The onus of establishing that the limitation to any extent, of a right or freedom included in this Chapter is within the reasonable limitations prescribed in this Constitution is on the State or the person asserting the limitation of the right or freedom. (Art. 16) - Dhivehi(ހ) މި ބާބުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ އެންމެހައި ޙައްޤުތަކާއި މިނިވްނަކަން އިސްލާމްދީނުގެ އަޞްލަކާ ޚިލާފު ނުވާނޭ ގޮތުގެމަތީން ކޮންމެ މީހަކަށްމެ ލިބިގެންވާކަން މިޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ކަށަވަރުކޮށްދެއެވެ. އަދި މިއިން އެއްވެސް ޙާއްޤެއްގެ ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ އެއްވެސް މިންވަރެއެއް ހިފެހެއްޓޭނީ މިޤާނޫނުއަސާސީއާ ތަޢާރުޟްނުވާ ގޮތުގެމަތީން، ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަޖިލީހުން ފާސްކުރާ ޤާނޫނަކުން ވެސް އެއިން ޙައްޤެއްޤެ ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ އެއްވެސް މިންވަރެއެއް ހިފެހެއްޓޭނީ، މިނިވަން، ދީމިޤްރާތީ މުޖުތަމައެއްގައި މިފަދަ ހައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފެހެއްޓިދާނެކަމަށް ޤަބޫލުކުރެވޭ މިންވަރަކަށެވެ.
(ށ) އިސްލާމްދީނުގެ އަސްލުތައް ރައްކާތެރިކޮށް ދެމެހެއްޓުމަށްޓަކައި، މި ބާބުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއް މި ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ގޮތުގެމަތީން، ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަޖިލީހުން ފާސްކުރާ ޤާނޫނަކުން ހިފެހެއްޓުމަކަށް މި މާއްދާގެ (ހ) ހުރަހެއް ނާޅައެވެ.
(ނ) މި ބާބުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ޙައްޤެއްގެ ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ އެއްވެސް މިންވަރެއް ހިފަހައްޓައިފައިވަނީ މި މާއްދާގެ (ހ) އާއި (ށ) ގައިވާ ގޮތުގެ މަތީންތޯ ކަނޑައެޅުމުގައި ކޯޓުން އެ ކަމަކާ ގުޅޭ ހުރިހައި ކަންތައްތަކަށް ފުރިހަމައަށް ރިޢާޔަތްކުރާން ވާނެއެވެ. މީގެތެރޭގައި އަންނަނިވި ކަންތައް ހިމެނެއެވެ.
1. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ ޒާތާއި ބާވަތް.
2. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފެހެއްޓުމުގެ ބޭނުމާއި، މުހިންމުކަން.
3. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެމިނިވަންކަމަމެއް ހިފެހައްޓައިފައިވާ ގޮތާއި މިންވަރު.
4. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފެހެއްޓި ހިފެހެއްޓުމާ އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ މުހިންމުކަމާ ހުރި ގުޅުން.
5. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފަހައްޓައިފައިވާ މިންވަތައްވުރެ ކުޑަކޮށް ހިފަހައްޓައިގެން ބޭނުންވާ މަޤްސަދު ޙަސިލްކުރެވިދާނެތޯ
6. އެ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެ މިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފަހައްޓައިފައިވަނީ މި މާއްދާގެ (ށ) ގެ ދަށުން ނަމަ، އިސްލާމްދީނުގެ އަސްލުތައް ރައްކާތެރިކުރުމަށްޓަކައި އެ ހައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެމިނިވަންކަމެއް ކޮންމެހެން ހިފަހައްޓާންޖެހޭތޯ.
(ރ) މި ބާބުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ މިނިވަންކަމެއްގެ އެއްވެސް މިންވަރެއް ހިފަހައްޓައިފައިވަނީ މި ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ގޮތުގެމަތީން އެކަށީގެންވާ މިންވަރަކަށްކަން ސާބިތުކޮށްދިނުމަކީ ދައުލަތުގެ ނުވަތަ އެޙައްޤެއް ނުވަތަ އެމިނިވަންކަމެއް ހިފެހެއްޓި ފަރާތެއްގެ ޒިންމާ އެކެވެ. (ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގެ 16 ވަނަ މާއްދާ)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Afghanistan
- EnglishDuring the state of emergency, the President can, after approval by the presidents of the National Assembly as well as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, suspend the enforcement of the following provisions or place restrictions on them:
1. Clause Two of Article Twenty-Seven;
2. Article Thirty-Six;
3. Clause Two of Article Thirty-Seven;
4. Clause Two of Article Thirty-Eight. (Art. 145) - Dariدر حالت اضطرار، رئیس جمهور می تواند بعد از تائید رؤسای شورای ملی و ستره محكمه، تنفیذ احكام ذیل را معطل بسازد و یا بر آنها قیودی وضع نماید:
١- فقرۀ دوم مادۀ بیست وهفتم؛
٢- مادۀ سی و ششم؛
٣- فقره دوم مادۀ سی و هفتم؛
٤- فقره دوم مادۀ سی و هشتم. (مادۀ ۱۴۵) - Pashtoپه اضطراري حالت كې جمهور رئيس كولاى شي چې د ملي شورى او د سترې محكمې د رئيسانو تر تائيد وروسته د اساسي قانون لاندينى حكمونه و ځنډوي او يا قيود پرې ولگوي:
١- د اوه ويشتمې مادې دويمه فقره؛
٢- شپږ دېرشمه ماده؛
٣- د اوه دېرشمي مادې دويمه فقره؛
٤- د اته دېرشمي مادې دويمه فقره. (۱۴۵ ماده)