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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Limitations and/or Derogations
Ghana
- English…
(4) Nothing in, or done under the authority of, a law shall be held to be inconsistent with, or in contravention of, this article to the extent that the law in question makes provision—
(a) for the imposition of restrictions by order of a court, that are required in the interest of defence, public safety or public order, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person; or
(b) for the imposition of restrictions, by order of a court, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person either as a result of his having been found guilty of a criminal offence under the laws of Ghana or for the purposes of ensuring that he appears before a court at a later date for trial for a criminal offence or for proceedings relating to his extradition or lawful removal from Ghana; or
(c) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interest of defence, public safety, public health or the running of essential services, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person or persons generally, or any class of persons; or
(d) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of entry into Ghana, or of movement in Ghana, of a person who is not a citizen of Ghana; or
(e) that is reasonably required for the purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana against the teaching or propagation of a doctrine which exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood of Ghana, the national symbols and emblems, or incites hatred against other members of the community;
except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority of that law is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in terms of the spirit of this Constitution.
… (Art. 21)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Liechtenstein
- English...
2) Emergency decrees may not suspend the Constitution as a whole or individual provisions thereof but may only limit the applicability of individual provisions of the Constitution. Emergency decrees may not curtail the right of each person to life, the prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment, the prohibition of slavery and forced labour, or the principle of nulla poena sine lege. Moreover, the provisions of this article, of articles 3, 13ter, and 113, and of the Law on the Princely House may not be limited by emergency decrees. Emergency decrees shall expire at the latest six months after they have been issued. (Art. 10) - German...
2) Notverordnungen dürfen die Verfassung als Ganzes oder einzelne Bestimmungen derselben nicht aufheben, sondern nur die Anwendbarkeit einzelner Bestimmungen der Verfassung einschränken. Notverordnungen können weder das Recht eines jeden Menschen auf Leben, das Verbot der Folter und der unmenschlichen Behandlung, das Verbot der Sklaverei und der Zwangsarbeit, noch die Regel "Keine Strafe ohne Gesetz" beschränken. Überdies können die Bestimmungen dieses Artikels, des Art. 3, 13ter und 113, sowie des Hausgesetzes durch Notverordnungen nicht eingeschränkt werden. Notverordnungen treten spätestens sechs Monate nach ihrem Erlass ausser Kraft. (Art. 10)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Colombia
- EnglishThe enunciation of the rights and guarantees contained in the Constitution and in the international agreements in effect must not be understood as a negation of others which, being inherent to the human person, are not expressly mentioned in them. (Art. 94)
- SpanishLa enunciación de los derechos y garantías contenidos en la Constitución y en los convenios internacionales vigentes, no debe entenderse como negación de otros que, siendo inherentes a la persona humana, no figuren expresamente en ellos. (Art. 94)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Lesotho
- English1. Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights and freedoms, that is to say, to each and all of the following—
…
the provisions of this Chapter7 shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms, subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any person does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest.
… (Sec. 4)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Portugal
- English1. Entities that exercise sovereignty may not jointly or separately suspend the exercise of the rights, freedoms and guarantees, save in the case of a state of siege or a state of emergency declared in the form provided for in the Constitution.
…
4. Both the choice between a state of siege and a state of emergency and the declaration and implementation thereof must respect the principle of proportionality and limit themselves, particularly as regards their extent and duration and the means employed, to that which is strictly necessary for the prompt restoration of constitutional normality.
5. Declarations of a state of siege or a state of emergency shall set out adequate grounds therefore and specify the rights, freedoms and guarantees whose exercise is to be suspended. Without prejudice to the possibility of renewals subject to the same limits, neither state may last for more than fifteen days, or, when it results from a declaration of war, for more than the duration laid down by law.
6. In no case may a declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency affect the rights to life, personal integrity, personal identity, civil capacity and citizenship, the non-retroactivity of the criminal law, accused persons' right to a defence, or the freedom of conscience and religion.
7. Declarations of a state of siege or a state of emergency may only alter constitutional normality in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the law. In particular, they may not affect the application of the constitutional rules concerning the competences and modus operandi of the entities that exercise sovereignty or of the self-government organs of the autonomous regions, or the rights and immunities of the respective officeholders.
... (Art. 19) - Portuguese1. Os órgãos de soberania não podem, conjunta ou separadamente, suspender o exercício dos direitos, liberdades e garantias, salvo em caso de estado de sítio ou de estado de emergência, declarados na forma prevista na Constituição.
...
4. A opção pelo estado de sítio ou pelo estado de emergência, bem como as respectivas declaração e execução, devem respeitar o princípio da proporcionalidade e limitar-se, nomeadamente quanto às suas extensão e duração e aos meios utilizados, ao estritamente necessário ao pronto restabelecimento da normalidade constitucional.
5. A declaração do estado de sítio ou do estado de emergência é adequadamente fundamentada e contém a especificação dos direitos, liberdades e garantias cujo exercício fica suspenso, não podendo o estado declarado ter duração superior a quinze dias, ou à duração fixada por lei quando em consequência de declaração de guerra, sem prejuízo de eventuais renovações, com salvaguarda dos mesmos limites.
6. A declaração do estado de sítio ou do estado de emergência em nenhum caso pode afectar os direitos à vida, à integridade pessoal, à identidade pessoal, à capacidade civil e à cidadania, a não retroactividade da lei criminal, o direito de defesa dos arguidos e a liberdade de consciência e de religião.
7. A declaração do estado de sítio ou do estado de emergência só pode alterar a normalidade constitucional nos termos previstos na Constituição e na lei, não podendo nomeadamente afectar a aplicação das regras constitucionais relativas à competência e ao funcionamento dos órgãos de soberania e de governo próprio das regiões autónomas ou os direitos e imunidades dos respectivos titulares.
... (Art. 19)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Ecuador
- EnglishDuring the State of Exception, the President of the Republic can only suspend or limit the exercise of the right to the inviolability of domicile, inviolability of correspondence, freedom of movement, freedom to associate and assemble, and freedom of information, under the terms set forth by the Constitution.
… (Art. 165) - SpanishDurante el estado de excepción la Presidenta o Presidente de la República únicamente podrá suspender o limitar el ejercicio del derecho a la inviolabilidad de domicilio, inviolabilidad de correspondencia, libertad de tránsito, libertad de asociación y reunión, y libertad de información, en los términos que señala la Constitución.
… (Art. 165)
Limitations and/or Derogations
India
- English(1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part III (except articles 20 and 21) as may be mentioned in the order and all proceedings pending in any court for the enforcement of the rights so mentioned shall remain suspended for the period during which the Proclamation is in force or for such shorter period as may be specified in the order.
(1A) While an order made under clause (1) mentioning any of the rights conferred by Part III (except articles 20 and 21) is in operation, nothing in that Part conferring those rights shall restrict the power of the State as defined in the said Part to make any law or to take any executive action which the State would but for the provisions contained in that Part be competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect as soon as the order aforesaid ceases to operate, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to have effect:
Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in any part of the territory of India, any such law may be made, or any such executive action may be taken, under this article in relation to or in any State or Union territory in which or in any part of which the Proclamation of Emergency is not in operation, if and in so far as the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
… (Art. 359) - Hindi(1) जहां आपात की उद्घोषणा प्रवर्तन में है वहाँ राष्ट्रपति, आदेश द्वारा यह घोषणा कर सकेगा कि अनुच्छेद 20 और अनुच्छेद 21 को छोड़ कर भाग 3 द्वारा प्रदत्त ऐसे अधिकारों को प्रवर्तित कराने के लिए, जो उस आदेश में उल्लिखित किए जाएँ, किसी न्यायालय को समावेदन करने का आधिकार और इस प्रकार उल्लिखित अधिकारों को प्रवर्तित कराने के लिए किसी न्यायालय में लंबित सभी कार्यवाहियाँ उस अवधि के लिए जिसके दौरान उद्घोषणा प्रवृत्त रहती है या उससे लघुतर ऐसी अवधि के लिए जो आदेश में विनिर्दिष्ट की जाए, निलंबित रहेंगी।
(1क) जब अनुच्छेद 20 और अनुच्छेद 21 को छोड़ कर भाग 3 द्वारा प्रदत्त किन्हीं अधिकारों को उल्लिखित करने वाला खंड (1) के अधीन किया गया आदेश प्रवर्तन में है तब उस भाग में उन अधिकारों को प्रदान करने वाली कोई बात उस भाग में यथापरिभाषित राज्य की कोई विधि बनाने की या कोई ऐसी कार्यपालिका कार्रवाई करने की शक्ति को, जिसे वह राज्य उस भाग में अंतर्विष्ट उपबंधों के अभाव में बनाने या करने के लिए सक्षम होता, निर्बंधित नहीं करेगी, किन्तु इस प्रकार बनाई गई कोई विधि पूर्वोक्त आदेश के प्रवर्तन में रहने पर अक्षमता की मात्रा तक उन बातों के सिवाय तुरंत प्रभावहीन हो जाएगी, जिन्हें विधि के इस प्रकार प्रभावहीन होने के पहले किया गया है या करने का लोप किया गया है:
परंतु जहां आपात की उद्घोषणा भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र के केवल किसी भाग में प्रवर्तन में है वहाँ, यदि और जहां तक भारत या उसके राज्यक्षेत्र के किसी भाग की सुरक्षा, भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र के उस भाग में या उसके संबंध में, जिसमें आपात की उद्घोषणा प्रवर्तन में है, होने वाले क्रियाकलाप के कारण संकट में है तो और वहाँ तक, ऐसे राज्य या संघ राज्यक्षेत्र में या उसके संबंध में, जिसमें या जिसके किसी भाग में आपात की उद्घोषणा प्रवर्तन में नहीं है, इस अनुच्छेद के अधीन ऐसी कोई विधि बनाई जा सकेगी या ऐसी कोई कार्यपालिका कार्रवाई की जा सकेगी।
… (अनुच्छेद 359)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Slovenia
- EnglishHuman rights and fundamental freedoms provided by this Constitution may exceptionally be temporarily suspended or restricted during a war and state of emergency. Human rights and fundamental freedoms may be suspended or restricted only for the duration of the war or state of emergency, but only to the extent required by such circumstances and inasmuch as the measures adopted do not create inequality based solely on race, national origin, sex, language, religion, political or other conviction, material standing, birth, education, social status or any other personal circumstance.
The provision of the preceding paragraph does not allow any temporary suspension or restriction of the rights provided by Articles 17, 18, 21, 27, 28, 29 and 41. (Art. 16) - SloveneS to ustavo določene človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine je izjemoma dopustno začasno razveljaviti ali omejiti v vojnem in izrednem stanju. Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine se smejo razveljaviti ali omejiti le za čas trajanja vojnega ali izrednega stanja, vendar v obsegu, ki ga tako stanje zahteva, in tako, da sprejeti ukrepi ne povzročajo neenakopravnosti, ki bi temeljila le na rasi, narodni pripadnosti, spolu, jeziku, veri, političnem ali drugem prepričanju, gmotnem stanju, rojstvu, izobrazbi, družbenem položaju ali katerikoli drugi osebni okoliščini.
Določba prejšnjega odstavka ne dopušča nobenega začasnega razveljavljanja ali omejevanja pravic, določenih v 17., 18., 21., 27., 28., 29. in 41. členu. (16. Člen)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Honduras
- EnglishThe territory in which the guarantees mentioned in the preceding article are suspended shall be governed during the suspension, by the state of siege law, but neither that law nor any other may provide for the suspension of any guarantees other than those already mentioned.
Likewise, during the suspension no new offenses may be established or penalties imposed other than those established by laws in force at the time the suspension was decreed. (Art. 188) - SpanishEl territorio en que fuesen suspendidas las garantías expresadas en el Artículo anterior, se regirá durante la suspensión, por la Ley de Estado de Sitio, pero ni en dicha Ley ni en otra alguna podrá disponerse la suspensión de otras garantías que las ya mencionadas.
Tampoco podrá hacerse, durante la suspensión, declaraciones de nuevos delitos ni imponerse otras penas que las ya establecidas en las leyes vigentes al decretarse la suspensión. (Art. 188)
Limitations and/or Derogations
Kuwait
- EnglishProvisions relating to the Amiri Regime in Kuwait and the principles of liberty and equality stipulated in this Constitution may not be proposed for amendment unless such amendment concerns the title of the Amirate mutato nomine or an increase of the guarantees of liberty and equality. (Art. 175)
- Arabicالأحكام الخاصة بالنظام الأميري للكويت وبمبادىء الحرية والمساواة المنصوص عليها في هذا الدستور لا يجوز اقتراح تنقيحها، ما لم يكن التنقيح خاصاً بلقب الإمارة أو بالمزيد من ضمانات الحرية والمساواة. (المادّة 175)