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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The State guarantees the forms of public, private, cooperative, associative, communitarian, communal, family and mixed ownership [propiedad]; all of them form part of the mixed economy, are subordinate to the superior social interests of the nation and fulfill a social function, all [of them] will have the same rights and prerogatives in accordance with the juridical norms[,] and the legal domain and possession of any of these forms of ownership will not be disturbed. Except [in] the cases in which the laws on the matter so provide. (Art. 103)
- Spanish
El Estado garantiza las formas de propiedad pública, privada, cooperativa, asociativa, comunitaria, comunal, familiar y mixta; todas ellas forman parte de la economía mixta, están supeditadas a los intereses sociales superiores de la nación y cumplen una función social, todas tendrán los mismos derechos y prerrogativas de conformidad a las normas jurídicas y no se perturbará el dominio y posesión legal de cualquiera de estas formas de propiedad. Excepto los casos en que las leyes de la materia así lo dispongan. (Art. 103)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing:
…
(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;
… (Art. 39) - Hindiराज्य अपनी नीति का, विशिष्टतया, इस प्रकार संचालन करेगा कि सुनिश्चित रूप से:
…
(ख) समुदाय के भौतिक संसाधनों का स्वामित्व और नियंत्रण इस प्रकार बंटा हो जिससे सामूहिक हित का सर्वोत्तम रूप से साधन हो;
(ग) आर्थिक व्यवस्था इस प्रकार चले जिससे धन और उत्पादन-साधनों का सर्वसाधारण के लिए अहितकारी संकेन्द्रण न हो;
… (अनुच्छेद 39)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe basis of the agricultural system of the State shall be the family farm. This principle shall not infringe the provisions of Articles 21 and 22. (Art. 23)
- PolishPodstawą ustroju rolnego państwa jest gospodarstwo rodzinne. Zasada ta nie narusza postanowień Art. 21 i Art. 22. (Art. 23)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
…
The law establishes the rules concerning:
…
- … the state and the capacity of persons, the matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts;
…
The law determines the fundamental principles:
…
- of the regime of property,
… (Art. 67) - French
…
La loi fixe les règles concernant :
...
- … l'état et la capacité des personnes, les régimes matrimoniaux, les successions et libéralités,
...
La loi détermine les principes fondamentaux :
...
- du régime de la propriété,
... (Art. 67)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The State preferably supports agricultural development. It guarantees the right of ownership concerning land, in private or communal form or any other associative form. The law may establish the limits and the extent of the land according to the particularities of each zone. Abandoned lands, according to legal prevision, pass to the domain of the State for their adjudication and sale. (Art. 88)
- Spanish
El Estado apoya preferentemente el desarrollo agrario. Garantiza el derecho de propiedad sobre la tierra, en forma privada o comunal o en cualquiera otra forma asociativa. La ley puede fijar los límites y la extensión de la tierra según las peculiaridades de cada zona.
Las tierras abandonadas, según previsión legal, pasan al dominio del Estado para su adjudicación en venta. (Art. 88)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
1. The Republic of Kazakhstan shall recognize and protect state and private property equally.
2. Property shall impose obligations, and its use must simultaneously benefit the society. Subjects and objects of ownership, the scope, and limits of the rights of proprietors, and guarantees of their protection shall be determined by law.
3. The land and its subsoil, water, flora and fauna, and other natural resources belong to the people. On behalf of the people, the right to property is exercised by the state. Land may also be in private ownership on the grounds, conditions and within the limits established by law. (Art. 6) - Kazak
1. Қазақстан Республикасында мемлекеттiк меншiк пен жеке меншiк танылады және бiрдей қорғалады.
2. Меншiк мiндет жүктейдi, оны пайдалану сонымен қатар қоғам игiлiгіне де қызмет етуге тиiс. Меншiк субъектiлерi мен объектiлерi, меншiк иелерiнiң өз құқықтарын жүзеге асыру көлемi мен шектерi, оларды қорғау кепiлдiктерi заңмен белгiленедi.
3. Жер жəне оның қойнауы, су көздері, өсімдіктер мен жануарлар дүниесі, басқа да табиғи ресурстар халыққа тиесілі. Халық атынан меншік құқығын мемлекет жүзеге асырады. Жер, сондай-ақ заңда белгіленген негіздерде, шарттар мен шектерде жеке меншікте де болуы мүмкін. (6-бап)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPeaceful tenure of a person's own property and other property rights acquired by the law shall be guaranteed.
... (Art. 58) - Serbian CyrillicЈемчи се мирно уживање својине и других имовинских права стечених на основу закона.
… (Члан 58)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right to property is guaranteed by the law. … (Art. 27)
- FrenchLe droit de propriété est garanti par la loi. … (Art. 27)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right of property is inviolable, but it is subject to laws enacted in the general interest. … (Art. 32)
- SpanishLa propiedad es un derecho inviolable, pero sujeto a lo que dispongan las leyes que se establecieren por razones de interés general. … (Art. 32)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Any land in a State which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law may continue as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Enactment of the Legislature of that State,
…
(2) Any land in a State which is not for the time being a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law and has not been developed or cultivated may be declared as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law:
…
(3) Subject to Clause (4), the Government of any State may, in accordance with the existing law, declare as a Malay reservation—
(a) any land acquired by that Government by agreement for that purpose;
(b) on the application of the proprietor, and with the consent of every person having a right or interest therein, any other land,
and shall, in accordance with the existing law, immediately declare as a Malay reservation, in a case where any land ceases to be a Malay reservation, any other land of a similar character and of an area not exceeding the area of that land.
(4) Nothing in this Article shall authorize the declaration as a Malay reservation of any land which at the time of the declaration is owned or occupied by a person who is not a Malay or in or over which such a person has then any right or interest.
(5) Without prejudice to Clause (3), the Government of any State may, in accordance with law, acquire land for the settlement of Malays or other communities, and establish trusts for that purpose.
(6) In this Article “Malay reservation” means land reserved for alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which it lies; and “Malay” includes any person who, under the law of the State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay for the purposes of the reservation of land.
(7) Subject to Article 161A, this Article shall have effect notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution; but (without prejudice to any such other provision) no land shall be retained or declared as a Malay reservation except as provided by this Article and Article 90.
(8) The provisions of this Article shall apply to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya in the like manner that they apply to a State, save that Clause (1) in its application to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Purtrajaya shall be modified to read that any land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Putrajaya which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law may continue as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Act of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members of each House of Parliament and by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting in each House. (Art. 89) - Malay(1) Mana-mana tanah di sesuatu Negeri yang merupakan tanah simpanan Melayu sebaik sebelum Hari Merdeka mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada boleh terus menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang itu sehingga diperuntukkan selainnya oleh suatu Enakmen Badan Perundangan Negeri itu,
…
(2) Mana-mana tanah di sesuatu Negeri yang pada masa ini bukan tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada dan yang belum dibangunkan atau dicucuk tanam boleh diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undangundang itu:
...
(3) Tertakluk kepada Fasal (4), Kerajaan mana-mana Negeri boleh, mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada, mengisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu—
(a) mana-mana tanah yang diambil oleh Kerajaan itu melalui perjanjian bagi maksud itu;
(b) mana-mana tanah lain, apabila permohonan dibuat oleh tuan punya tanah itu, dan dengan persetujuan tiap-tiap orang yang mempunyai hak atau kepentingan mengenainya,
dan hendaklah, mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada, dengan serta-merta mengisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu, dalam hal jika mana-mana tanah terhenti menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu, mana-mana tanah lain yang sama jenisnya dengan tanah itu dan yang luasnya tidak melebihi keluasan tanah itu.
(4) Tiada apa-apa jua dalam Perkara ini boleh membenarkan diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu mana-mana tanah yang pada masa perisytiharan itu dipunyai atau diduduki oleh seseorang yang bukan seorang Melayu atau yang mengenainya atau ke atasnya orang itu ketika itu mempunyai apa-apa hak atau kepentingan.
(5) Tanpa menjejaskan Fasal (3), Kerajaan mana-mana Negeri boleh, mengikut undang-undang, mengambil tanah untuk menempatkan orang Melayu atau kaum lain, dan mewujudkan amanah bagi maksud itu.
(6) Dalam Perkara ini “tanah simpanan Melayu” ertinya tanah yang disimpan untuk diberi hakmilik kepada orang Melayu atau kepada anak negeri bagi Negeri tempat terletaknya tanah itu; dan “orang Melayu” termasuklah mana-mana orang yang, di bawah undang-undang Negeri tempat dia bermastautin, dikira sebagai orang Melayu bagi maksud perizaban tanah.
(7) Tertakluk kepada Perkara 161A, Perkara ini hendaklah berkuat kuasa walau apa pun apa-apa peruntukan lain dalam perlembagaan ini; tetapi (tanpa menjejaskan mana-mana peruntukan lain yang sedemikian) tiada tanah boleh dikekalkan atau diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu kecuali sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan oleh Perkara ini dan Perkara 90.
(8) Peruntukan Perkara ini hendaklah terpakai bagi Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya mengikut cara yang sama sebagaimana peruntukan Perkara ini terpakai bagi sesuatu Negeri, kecuali bahawa Fasal (1) dalam pemakaiannya bagi Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya hendaklah diubahsuaikan supaya dibaca bahawa mana-mana tanah di dalam Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya yang sebaik sebelum Hari Merdeka ialah tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada boleh terus menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang itu sehingga diperuntukkan selainnya oleh Akta Parlimen yang diluluskan oleh majoriti jumlah bilangan ahli setiap Majlis Parlimen dan dengan undi tidak kurang daripada dua pertiga daripada ahli-ahli yang hadir dan mengundi di dalam setiap Majlis Parlimen. (Perkara 89)