SEARCH DATABASE
The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe basis of the agricultural system of the State shall be the family farm. This principle shall not infringe the provisions of Articles 21 and 22. (Art. 23)
- PolishPodstawą ustroju rolnego państwa jest gospodarstwo rodzinne. Zasada ta nie narusza postanowień Art. 21 i Art. 22. (Art. 23)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- Englisha. Every person shall have the right to own property alone as well as in association with others; provided that only Liberian citizens shall have the right to own real property within the Republic.
… (Art. 22)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishWE, THE GUYANESE PEOPLE,
… proclaim this Constitution in order to:
…
Celebrate our cultural and racial diversity and strengthen our unity by eliminating any and every form of discrimination;
Value the special place in our nation of the Indigenous Peoples and recognize their right as citizens to land and security and to their promulgation of policies for their communities;
… (Preamble)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
1. The Republic of Kazakhstan shall recognize and protect state and private property equally.
2. Property shall impose obligations, and its use must simultaneously benefit the society. Subjects and objects of ownership, the scope, and limits of the rights of proprietors, and guarantees of their protection shall be determined by law.
3. The land and its subsoil, water, flora and fauna, and other natural resources belong to the people. On behalf of the people, the right to property is exercised by the state. Land may also be in private ownership on the grounds, conditions and within the limits established by law. (Art. 6) - Kazak
1. Қазақстан Республикасында мемлекеттiк меншiк пен жеке меншiк танылады және бiрдей қорғалады.
2. Меншiк мiндет жүктейдi, оны пайдалану сонымен қатар қоғам игiлiгіне де қызмет етуге тиiс. Меншiк субъектiлерi мен объектiлерi, меншiк иелерiнiң өз құқықтарын жүзеге асыру көлемi мен шектерi, оларды қорғау кепiлдiктерi заңмен белгiленедi.
3. Жер жəне оның қойнауы, су көздері, өсімдіктер мен жануарлар дүниесі, басқа да табиғи ресурстар халыққа тиесілі. Халық атынан меншік құқығын мемлекет жүзеге асырады. Жер, сондай-ақ заңда белгіленген негіздерде, шарттар мен шектерде жеке меншікте де болуы мүмкін. (6-бап)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPeaceful tenure of a person's own property and other property rights acquired by the law shall be guaranteed.
... (Art. 58) - Serbian CyrillicЈемчи се мирно уживање својине и других имовинских права стечених на основу закона.
… (Члан 58)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishIt is hereby recognised and declared that in Mauritius there have existed and shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, each and all of the following human rights and fundamental freedoms
…
c. the right of the individual to protection for the privacy of his home and other property
… (Sec. 3)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe ownership of the lands and waters included within the boundaries of the national territory, corresponds originally in the Nation, which has had, and has, the right to transfer the dominion of these to private persons, thereby constituting private property.
…
The capacity to acquire ownership [dominio] of the lands and waters of the Nation, will be governed by the following prescriptions:
I. Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization and Mexican companies have the right to acquire ownership of the lands, waters, and their appendages [accesiones], or to obtain concessions for the exploitation of mines or waters.
…
VII. The juridical personality of the nuclei [núcleos] of ejido and communal population is recognized[,] and their ownership concerning the land used for human settlement as well as for productive activities is protected.
The law shall protect the integrity of the lands of the indigenous groups.
The law, in consideration of the respect for and the strengthening of the communal life of the ejidos and communities, shall protect the land for human settlement and will regulate the exploitation of lands, forests and waters of common use and the provision of actions of support necessary to elevate the standard of living of their inhabitants.
The law, with respect for the will of the ejidatarios and comuneros to adopt the conditions that are most advantageous to them in the exploitation of their productive resources, will regulate the exercise of the rights of the comuneros concerning the land and of each ejidatario over his parcel. Likewise it will establish the procedures through which the ejidatarios and comuneros may associate among themselves, with the State or with third parties and concede [otorgar] the use of their lands; and, concerning the ejidatarios, transmit their parcel rights among the members of the nucleus of inhabitants; equally it will establish the requirements and procedures in accordance with which the assembly of the ejido may grant to the ejidatario ownership of his parcel. In cases of alienation of parcels[,] the right of preference that the law provides for shall be respected.
Within the same nucleus of population, no ejidatario may be a title holder of more land than that equivalent to 5% of the total of the ejido lands. In any case, the titling of lands in favor of a single ejidatario must be adjusted to the limits specified in fraction XV.
… (Art. 27) - SpanishLa propiedad de las tierras y aguas comprendidas dentro de los límites del territorionacional, corresponde originariamente a la Nación, la cual ha tenido y tiene el derecho de transmitir eldominio de ellas a los particulares, constituyendo la propiedad privada.
…
La capacidad para adquirir el dominio de las tierras y aguas de la Nación, se regirá por las siguientes prescripciones:
I. Sólo los mexicanos por nacimiento o por naturalización y las sociedades mexicanas tienen derecho para adquirir el dominio de las tierras, aguas y sus accesiones o para obtenerconcesiones de explotación de minas o aguas.
…
VII. Se reconoce la personalidad jurídica de los núcleos de población ejidales y comunales y se protege su propiedad sobre la tierra, tanto para el asentamiento humano como para actividades productivas.
La ley protegerá la integridad de las tierras de los grupos indígenas.
La ley, considerando el respeto y fortalecimiento de la vida comunitaria de los ejidos y comunidades, protegerá la tierra para el asentamiento humano y regulará el aprovechamiento de tierras, bosques y aguas de uso común y la provisión de acciones de fomento necesarias para elevar el nivel de vida de sus pobladores.
La ley, con respeto a la voluntad de los ejidatarios y comuneros para adoptar las condiciones que más les convengan en el aprovechamiento de sus recursos productivos, regulará el ejercicio de los derechos de los comuneros sobre la tierra y de cada ejidatario sobre su parcela.
Asimismo establecerá los procedimientos por los cuales ejidatarios y comuneros podrán asociarse entre sí, con el Estado o con terceros y otorgar el uso de sus tierras; y, tratándose de ejidatarios, transmitir sus derechos parcelarios entre los miembros del núcleo de población; igualmente fijará los requisitos y procedimientos conforme a los cuales la asamblea ejidal otorgará al ejidatario el dominio sobre su parcela. En caso de enajenación de parcelas se respetará el derecho de preferencia que prevea la ley.
Dentro de un mismo núcleo de población, ningún ejidatario podrá ser titular de más tierra que la equivalente al 5% del total de las tierras ejidales. En todo caso, la titularidad de tierras en favor de un solo ejidatario deberá ajustarse a los límites señalados en la fracción XV.
… (Art. 27)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Any land in a State which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law may continue as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Enactment of the Legislature of that State,
…
(2) Any land in a State which is not for the time being a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law and has not been developed or cultivated may be declared as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law:
…
(3) Subject to Clause (4), the Government of any State may, in accordance with the existing law, declare as a Malay reservation—
(a) any land acquired by that Government by agreement for that purpose;
(b) on the application of the proprietor, and with the consent of every person having a right or interest therein, any other land,
and shall, in accordance with the existing law, immediately declare as a Malay reservation, in a case where any land ceases to be a Malay reservation, any other land of a similar character and of an area not exceeding the area of that land.
(4) Nothing in this Article shall authorize the declaration as a Malay reservation of any land which at the time of the declaration is owned or occupied by a person who is not a Malay or in or over which such a person has then any right or interest.
(5) Without prejudice to Clause (3), the Government of any State may, in accordance with law, acquire land for the settlement of Malays or other communities, and establish trusts for that purpose.
(6) In this Article “Malay reservation” means land reserved for alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which it lies; and “Malay” includes any person who, under the law of the State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay for the purposes of the reservation of land.
(7) Subject to Article 161A, this Article shall have effect notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution; but (without prejudice to any such other provision) no land shall be retained or declared as a Malay reservation except as provided by this Article and Article 90.
(8) The provisions of this Article shall apply to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya in the like manner that they apply to a State, save that Clause (1) in its application to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Purtrajaya shall be modified to read that any land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Putrajaya which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law may continue as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Act of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members of each House of Parliament and by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting in each House. (Art. 89) - Malay(1) Mana-mana tanah di sesuatu Negeri yang merupakan tanah simpanan Melayu sebaik sebelum Hari Merdeka mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada boleh terus menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang itu sehingga diperuntukkan selainnya oleh suatu Enakmen Badan Perundangan Negeri itu,
…
(2) Mana-mana tanah di sesuatu Negeri yang pada masa ini bukan tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada dan yang belum dibangunkan atau dicucuk tanam boleh diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undangundang itu:
...
(3) Tertakluk kepada Fasal (4), Kerajaan mana-mana Negeri boleh, mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada, mengisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu—
(a) mana-mana tanah yang diambil oleh Kerajaan itu melalui perjanjian bagi maksud itu;
(b) mana-mana tanah lain, apabila permohonan dibuat oleh tuan punya tanah itu, dan dengan persetujuan tiap-tiap orang yang mempunyai hak atau kepentingan mengenainya,
dan hendaklah, mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada, dengan serta-merta mengisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu, dalam hal jika mana-mana tanah terhenti menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu, mana-mana tanah lain yang sama jenisnya dengan tanah itu dan yang luasnya tidak melebihi keluasan tanah itu.
(4) Tiada apa-apa jua dalam Perkara ini boleh membenarkan diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu mana-mana tanah yang pada masa perisytiharan itu dipunyai atau diduduki oleh seseorang yang bukan seorang Melayu atau yang mengenainya atau ke atasnya orang itu ketika itu mempunyai apa-apa hak atau kepentingan.
(5) Tanpa menjejaskan Fasal (3), Kerajaan mana-mana Negeri boleh, mengikut undang-undang, mengambil tanah untuk menempatkan orang Melayu atau kaum lain, dan mewujudkan amanah bagi maksud itu.
(6) Dalam Perkara ini “tanah simpanan Melayu” ertinya tanah yang disimpan untuk diberi hakmilik kepada orang Melayu atau kepada anak negeri bagi Negeri tempat terletaknya tanah itu; dan “orang Melayu” termasuklah mana-mana orang yang, di bawah undang-undang Negeri tempat dia bermastautin, dikira sebagai orang Melayu bagi maksud perizaban tanah.
(7) Tertakluk kepada Perkara 161A, Perkara ini hendaklah berkuat kuasa walau apa pun apa-apa peruntukan lain dalam perlembagaan ini; tetapi (tanpa menjejaskan mana-mana peruntukan lain yang sedemikian) tiada tanah boleh dikekalkan atau diisytiharkan sebagai tanah simpanan Melayu kecuali sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan oleh Perkara ini dan Perkara 90.
(8) Peruntukan Perkara ini hendaklah terpakai bagi Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya mengikut cara yang sama sebagaimana peruntukan Perkara ini terpakai bagi sesuatu Negeri, kecuali bahawa Fasal (1) dalam pemakaiannya bagi Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya hendaklah diubahsuaikan supaya dibaca bahawa mana-mana tanah di dalam Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya yang sebaik sebelum Hari Merdeka ialah tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang yang sedia ada boleh terus menjadi tanah simpanan Melayu mengikut undang-undang itu sehingga diperuntukkan selainnya oleh Akta Parlimen yang diluluskan oleh majoriti jumlah bilangan ahli setiap Majlis Parlimen dan dengan undi tidak kurang daripada dua pertiga daripada ahli-ahli yang hadir dan mengundi di dalam setiap Majlis Parlimen. (Perkara 89)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishWhereas every person in Kiribati is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely-
…
c. protection for the privacy of his home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,
… (Sec. 3)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) The Sharia Court of Appeal of a State shall, in addition to such other jurisdiction as may be conferred upon it by the law of the State, exercise such appellate and supervisory jurisdiction in civil proceedings involving questions of Islamic personal Law which the court is competent to decide in accordance with the provisions of subsection (2) of this section.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, the sharia Court of Appeal shall be competent to decide –
…
(c) any question of Islamic personal Law regarding a wakf, gift, will or succession where the endower, donor, testator or deceased person is a muslim;
… (Sec. 277)