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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
ABOUT 522 RESULTS
Jurisdiction and Access
Netherlands
- English
The constitutionality of Acts of Parliament and treaties shall not be reviewed by the courts. (Art. 120)
- Dutch
De rechter treedt niet in de beoordeling van de grondwettigheid van wetten en verdragen. (Art. 120)
Jurisdiction and Access
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court is charged with the control of the constitutionality of the laws and of the acts having the force of law.
The organic laws, before their promulgation, and the Internal Regulations of the parliamentary Chambers and of the Congress, of the Independent National Electoral Commission as well as of the Superior Council for Audiovisual and Communication, before their entry into application, must be submitted to the Constitutional Court which rules on their conformity with the Constitution.
For the same end of examining [the] constitutionality, the laws may be referred to the Constitutional Court, before their promulgation, by the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate or a tenth of the Deputies or of the Senators.
… (Art. 160) - FrenchLa Cour constitutionnelle est chargée du contrôle de la constitutionnalité des lois et des actes ayant force de loi.
Les lois organiques, avant leur promulgation, et les Règlements intérieurs des Chambres parlementaires et du Congrès, de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante ainsi que du Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel et de la communication, avant leur mise en application, doivent être soumis à la Cour constitutionnelle qui se prononce sur leur conformité à la Constitution.
Aux mêmes fins d’examen de la constitutionnalité, les lois peuvent être déférées à la Cour constitutionnelle, avant leur promulgation, par le Président de la République, le Premier ministre, le Président de l’Assemblée nationale, le Président du Sénat ou le dixième des députés ou des sénateurs.
… (Art. 160)
Jurisdiction and Access
Nigeria
- English(1) Where any question as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution arises in any proceedings in any court of law in any part of Nigeria (other than in the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the Federal High Court or the National Industrial Court or a High Court) and the court is of the opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, the court may, and shall if any of the parties to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the Federal High Court or the National Industrial Court or a High Court having jurisdiction in that part of Nigeria and the Federal High Court or the National Industrial Court or the High Court shall
(a) if it is of opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, refer the question to the Court of Appeal; or
(b) if it is of opinion that the question does not involve a substantial question of law, remit the question to the court that made the reference to be disposed of in accordance with such directions as the Federal High Court or the National Industrial Court or the High Court may think fit to give.
(2) Where any question as to the interpretation or application of this constitution arises in any proceedings in the Federal High Court or the National Industrial Court or a High Court, and the court is of opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, the court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the Court of Appeal; and where any question is referred in pursuance of this subsection, the court shall give its decision upon the question and the court in which the question arose shall dispose of the case in accordance with that decision.
(3) Where any question as to the interpretation or application of this constitution arises in any proceedings in the Court of Appeal and the court is of opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, the court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the Supreme Court which shall give its decision upon the question and give such directions to the Court of Appeal as it deems appropriate. (Sec. 295)
Jurisdiction and Access
Armenia
- English1. Constitutional justice shall be administered by the Constitutional Court, ensuring the primacy of the Constitution.
2. When administering justice, the Constitutional Court shall be independent and shall abide only by the Constitution.
3. The powers of the Constitutional Court shall be stipulated by the Constitution, while the procedure of its formation and functioning shall be stipulated by the Constitution and the Law on the Constitutional Court. (Art. 167) - Armenian1. Սահմանադրական արդարադատությունն իրականացնում է Սահմանադրական դատարանը` ապահովելով Սահմանադրության գերակայությունը:
2. Արդարադատություն իրականացնելիս Սահմանադրական դատարանն անկախ է և ենթարկվում է միայն Սահմանադրությանը:
3. Սահմանադրական դատարանի լիազորությունները սահմանվում են Սահմանադրությամբ, իսկ կազմավորման և գործունեության կարգը` Սահմանադրությամբ և Սահմանադրական դատարանի մասին օրենքով: (Հոդված 167)
Jurisdiction and Access
India
- English(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies under article 134A-
(a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and
(b) that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in article 132, any party appealing to the Supreme Court under clause (1) may urge as one of the grounds in such appeal that a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution has been wrongly decided.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, no appeal shall, unless Parliament by law otherwise provides, lie to the Supreme Court from the judgment, decree or final order of one Judge of a High Court. (Art. 133) - Hindi(1) भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र में किसी उच्च न्यायालय की सिविल कार्यवाही में दिए गए किसी निर्णय, डिक्री या अंतिम आदेश की अपील उच्चतम न्यायालय में होगी यदि उच्च न्यायालय अनुच्छेद 134क के अधीन प्रमाणित कर देता है कि-
(क) उस मामले में विधि का व्यापक महत्व का कोई सारवान प्रश्न अंतर्वलित है; और
(ख) उच्च न्यायालय की राय में उस प्रश्न का उच्चतम न्यायालय द्वारा विनिश्चय आवश्यक है।
(2) अनुच्छेद 132 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, उच्चतम न्यायालय में खंड (1) के अधीन अपील करने वाला कोई पक्षकार ऐसी अपील के आधारों में यह आधार भी बता सकेगा कि इस संविधान के निर्वचन के बारे में विधि के किसी सारवान प्रश्न का विनिश्चय गलत किया गया है।
(3) इस अनुच्छेद में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, उच्च न्यायालय के एक न्यायाधीश के निर्णय, डिक्री या अंतिम आदेश की अपील उच्चतम न्यायालय में तब तक नहीं होगी जब तक संसद विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे। (अनुच्छेद 133)
Jurisdiction and Access
Sao Tome and Principe
- English1. The President of the Republic may request that the Constitutional Court carry out a prior review of the constitutionality of any regular provision of an international agreement or treaty that was submitted to it for ratification, or of law or ordinance sent to it for enactment.
…
3. The Prime Minister or one fifth of the sitting Deputies of the National Assembly, in addition to the President of the Republic, may request that the Constitutional Court conduct a prior review of the constitutionality of any regular provision of a law sent to the President for promulgation as an organic Law.
… (Art. 145) - Portuguese1. O Presidente da República pode requerer ao Tribunal Constitucional a apreciação preventiva da constitucionalidade de qualquer norma constante de acordo ou tratado internacional que lhe tenha sido submetido para a ratificação, de lei ou decreto-lei que lhe tenha sido enviado para a promulgação.
…
3. Podem requerer ao Tribunal Constitucional a apreciação preventiva da constitucionalidade de qualquer norma constante de diploma que tenha sido enviado ao Presidente da República para promulgação como Lei orgânica, além deste, o Primeiro-Ministro ou um quinto dos Deputados à Assembleia Nacional em efectividade de funções.
… (Art. 145)
Jurisdiction and Access
Bahrain
- EnglishA Constitutional Court shall be established, and shall comprise a President and six members, all of whom are appointed by a Royal Order for a period specified by the law. The court’s area of competence is to watch over the constitutionality of laws and statutes.
The law shall state the regulations that ensure that the members of the Court are not liable to dismissal, and specifies the procedures that are followed before the Court. The law shall guarantee the right of the Government, Consultative Council, the Chamber of Deputies and notable individuals and others to challenge before the Court the constitutionality of laws and statutes. …
The King may refer to the Court any draft laws before they are adopted to determine the extent of their agreement with the Constitution. … (Art. 106) - Arabicتـنشأ محكمة دستورية، من رئيس وستة أعضاء يعينون بأمر ملكي لمدة يحددها القانون، وتختص بمراقبة دستورية القوانين واللوائح.
ويـبـين القانون القواعد التي تكفل عدم قابلية أعضاء المحكمة للعزل، ويحدد الإجراءات التي تـُـتـَّبع أمامها، ويكفل حق كل من الحكومة ومجلس الشورى ومجلس النواب وذوي الشأن من الأفراد وغيرهم في الطعن لدى المحكمة في دستورية القوانين واللوائح. ...
وللملك أن يحيل إلى المحكمة ما يراه من مشروعات القوانين قبل إصدارها لتـقرير مدى مطابقـتها للدستور، ... (المادّة 106)
Jurisdiction and Access
Iraq
- EnglishThe Federal Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over the following:
First: Overseeing the constitutionality of laws and regulations in effect.
Second: Interpreting the provisions of the Constitution.
Third: Settling matters that arise from the application of the federal laws, decisions, regulations, instructions, and procedures issued by the federal authority. The law shall guarantee the right of direct appeal to the Court to the Council of Ministers, those concerned individuals, and others.
Fourth: Settling disputes that arise between the federal government and the governments of the regions and governorates, municipalities, and local administrations.
Fifth: Settling disputes that arise between the governments of the regions and governments of the governorates.
Sixth: Settling accusations directed against the President, the Prime Minister and the Ministers, and this shall be regulated by law.
Seventh: Ratifying the final results of the general elections for membership in the Council of Representatives.
Eighth:
A. Settling competency disputes between the federal judiciary and the judicial institutions of the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region.
B. Settling competency disputes between judicial institutions of the regions or governorates that are not organized in a region. (Art. 93) - Arabicتختصّ المحكمة الاتحادية العليا بما يأتي:
اولاً:ـ الرقابة على دستورية القوانين والانظمة النافذة.
ثانياً:ـ تفسير نصوص الدستور.
ثالثاً :ـ الفصل في القضايا التي تنشأ عن تطبيق القوانين الاتحادية، والقرارات والانظمة والتعليمات، والاجراءات الصادرة عن السلطة الاتحادية، ويكفل القانون حق كل من مجلس الوزراء، وذوي الشأن من الافراد وغيرهم، حق الطعن المباشر لدى المحكمة.
رابعاً :ـ الفصل في المنازعات التي تحصل بين الحكومة الاتحادية، وحكومات الاقاليم والمحافظات والبلديات والادارات المحلية.
خامساً :ـ الفصل في المنازعات التي تحصل فيما بين حكومات الاقاليم أو المحافظات.
سادساً :ـ الفصل في الاتهامات الموجهة الى رئيس الجمهورية، ورئيس مجلس الوزراء والوزراء، وينظم ذلك بقانون.
سابعاً :ـ المصادقة على النتائج النهائية للانتخابات العامة لعضوية مجلس النواب.
ثامناً :ـ
أ ـ الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص بين القضاء الاتحادي، والهيئات القضائية للأقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم.
ب ـ الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص فيما بين الهيئات القضائية للأقاليم، أو المحافظات غير المنتظمة في أقليم. (المادة 93)
Jurisdiction and Access
Russian Federation
- English…
2. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, at the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of Federation, the State Duma, one fifth of senators of the Russian Federation or of the deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and bodies of legislative and executive power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, shall decide cases on conformity to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of:
a. federal constitutional laws, federal laws, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation;
b. constitutions of republics, charters as well as laws and other normative acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted on issues under the jurisdiction of bodies of State power of the Russian Federation and under the joint jurisdiction of bodies of State power of the Russian Federation and bodies State power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
c. treaties between bodies of State power of the Russian Federation and bodies of State power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, treaties between bodies of State power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
d. international treaties of the Russian Federation pending their entry into force.
3. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall resolve disputes on authority:
a. between federal State government bodies;
b. between State government bodies of the Russian Federation and State government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
c. between higher State government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
4. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, in the order established by the federal constitutional law, shall verify:
а) upon complaints on violation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens - the constitutionality of laws and other normative acts, enumerated in items "a" and "b" of part 2 of the present Article, that had been implemented in a concrete case, if all other internal judicial remedies have been exhausted;
б) upon requests of courts - the constitutionality of laws and other normative acts enumerated in items "a" and "b" of part 2 of the present Article, that are to be applied in a concrete case.
5. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon request of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, and legislative authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, shall provide interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
...
7. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon request of the Council of Federation, shall issue a resolution on the observation of the established procedure for bringing charges of treason or of other grave crimes against the President of the Russian Federation or the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to exercise his (her) powers. (Art. 125) - Russian…
2. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации по запросам Президента Российской Федерации, Совета Федерации, Государственной Думы, одной пятой сенаторов Российской Федерации или депутатов Государственной Думы, Правительства Российской Федерации, Верховного Суда Российской Федерации, органов законодательной и исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации разрешает дела о соответствии Конституции Российской Федерации:
а) федеральных конституционных законов, федеральных законов, нормативных актов Президента Российской Федерации, Совета Федерации, Государственной Думы, Правительства Российской Федерации;
б) конституций республик, уставов, а также законов и иных нормативных актов субъектов Российской Федерации, изданных по вопросам, относящимся к ведению органов государственной власти Российской Федерации и совместному ведению органов государственной власти Российской Федерации и органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации;
в) договоров между органами государственной власти Российской Федерации и органами государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации, договоров между органами государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации;
г) не вступивших в силу международных договоров Российской Федерации.
3. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации разрешает споры о компетенции:
а) между федеральными органами государственной власти;
б) между органами государственной власти Российской Федерации и органами государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации;
в) между высшими государственными органами субъектов Российской Федерации.
4. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации в порядке, установленном федеральным конституционным законом, проверяет:
а) по жалобам на нарушение конституционных прав и свобод граждан – конституционность законов и иных нормативных актов, указанных в пунктах "а" и "б" части 2 настоящей статьи, примененных в конкретном деле, если исчерпаны все другие внутригосударственные средства судебной защиты;
б) по запросам судов – конституционность законов и иных нормативных актов, указанных в пунктах "а" и "б" части 2 настоящей статьи, подлежащих применению в конкретном деле.
5. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации по запросам Президента Российской Федерации, Совета Федерации, Государственной Думы, Правительства Российской Федерации, органов законодательной власти субъектов Российской Федерации дает толкование Конституции Российской Федерации.
…
7. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации по запросу Совета Федерации дает заключение о соблюдении установленного порядка выдвижения обвинения Президента Российской Федерации либо Президента Российской Федерации, прекратившего исполнение своих полномочий, в государственной измене или совершении иного тяжкого преступления. (Статья 125)
Jurisdiction and Access
South Africa
- English(1) Members of a provincial legislature may apply to the Constitutional Court for an order declaring that all or part of a provincial Act is unconstitutional.
… (Sec. 122)