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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Religious Law
Tunisia
- EnglishTunisia is a free, independent, sovereign state; its religion is Islam, its language Arabic, and its system is republican.
This article might not be amended. (Art. 1) - Arabicتونس دولة حرّة، مستقلّة، ذات سيادة، الإسلام دينها، والعربية لغتها، والجمهورية نظامها.
لا يجوز تعديل هذا الفصل. (الفصل 1) - FrenchLa Tunisie est un État libre, indépendant et souverain, l’Islam est sa religion, l’arabe sa langue et la République son régime.
Le présent article ne peut faire l’objet de révision. (Art. 1)
Religious Law
Iran, Islamic Republic of
- EnglishThe official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja'farî school [in usul al-Dîn and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable. Other Islamic schools, including the Hanafî, Shafi'î, Malikî, Hanbalî, and Zaydî, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites. These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to religious education, affairs of personal status (marriage, divorce, inheritance, and wills) and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims following any one of these schools of fiqh constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon the rights of the followers of other schools. (Art. 12)
- Persianدین رسمی ایران، اسلام و مذهب جعفری اثنی عشری است و این اصل الیالابد غیرقابل تغییر است و مذاهب دیگر اسلامی اعم از حنفی، شافعی، مالکی، حنبلی و زیدی دارای احترام کامل میباشند و پیروان این مذاهب در انجام مراسم مذهبی، طبق فقه خودشان آزادند و در تعلیم و تربیت دینی و احوال شخصیه (ازدواج، طلاق، ارث و وصیت) و دعاوی مربوط به آن در دادگاهها رسمیت دارند و در هر منطقهای که پیروان هر یک از این مذاهب اکثریت داشته باشند، مقررات محلی در حدود اختیارات شوراها برطبق آن مذهب خواهد بود، با حفظ حقوق پیروان سایر مذاهب. (اصل 12)
Religious Law
Portugal
- English…
4. Churches and other religious communities are separate from the state and are free to organise themselves and to exercise their functions and form of worship.
... (Art. 41) - Portuguese…
4. As igrejas e outras comunidades religiosas estão separadas do Estado e são livres na sua organização e no exercício das suas funções e do culto.
... (Art. 41)
Religious Law
Guatemala
- EnglishThe juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches, cults, entities, and associations of religious character will obtain the recognition of their juridical personality in accordance with the rules of their institution[,] and the Government may not deny it[,] aside from reasons of public order.
… (Art. 37) - SpanishSe reconocer la personalidad jurídica de la Iglesia Católica. Las otras iglesias, cultos, entidades y asociaciones de carácter religioso obtendrán el reconocimiento de su personalidad jurídica conforme las reglas de su institución y el Gobierno no podrá negarlo si no fuese por razones de orden público.
… (Art. 37)
Religious Law
Jordan
- EnglishSharia Courts shall in their jurisdiction apply the provisions of the Sharia. (Art. 106)
- Arabicتطبق المحاكم الشرعية في قضائها أحكام الشرع الشريف. (المادّة 106)
Religious Law
Papua New Guinea
- English(1) For the purposes of this Subdivision,8 a law that complies with the requirements of this section is a law that is made and certified in accordance with Subsection (2), and that-
(a) regulates or restricts the exercise of a right or freedom referred to in this Subdivision to the extent that the regulation or restriction is necessary-
i. taking account of the National Goals and Directive Principles and the Basic Social Obligations, for the purpose of giving effect to the public interest in-
A. defence; or
B. public safety; or
C. public order; or
D. public welfare; or
E. public health (including animal and plant health); or
F. the protection of children and persons under disability (whether legal or practical); or
G. the development of under-privileged or less advanced groups or areas; or
ii. in order to protect the exercise of the rights and freedoms of others; or
(b) makes reasonable provision for cases where the exercise of one such right may conflict with the exercise of another, to the extent that the law is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society having a proper respect for the rights and dignity of mankind.
(2) For the purposes of Subsection (1), a law must-
(a) be expressed to be a law that is made for that purpose; and
(b) specify the right or freedom that it regulates or restricts; and
(c) be made, and certified by the Speaker in his certificate under Section 110 (certification as to making of laws) to have been made, by an absolute majority.
(3) The burden of showing that a law is a law that complies with the requirements of Subsection (1) is on the party relying on its validity. (Sec. 38)
Religious Law
Afghanistan
- English...
We the people of Afghanistan:
Believing firmly in Almighty God, relying on His divine will and adhering to the Holy religion of Islam;
…
Appreciating the sacrifices, historical struggles, jihad and just resistance of all the peoples of Afghanistan, admiring the supreme position of the martyr’s of the country’s freedom;
… (Preamble) - Dari...
ما مردم افغانستان:
با ایمان راسخ به ذات پاك خداوند (ج) و توكل به مشیت حق تعالی و اعتقاد به دین مقدس اسلام؛
...
با تقدیر از فداكاری ها، مبارزات تاریخی، جهاد و مقاومت بر حق تمام مردم افغانستان و ارج گذاری به مقام والای شهدای راه آزادی كشور؛
... (مقدمه) - Pashto...
موږ د افغانستان خلكو:
د لوی خدای (ج) پر سپيڅلي ذات په ټينګ ايمان، د حق تعالي په مشيت پر توكل او د اسلام په سپيڅلي دين پر اعتقاد؛
...
د افغانستان د ټولو خلكو د سر ښندنو، تاريخي مبارزو، جهاد او بر حق مقاومت د ستايلو او د وطن د آزادۍ د لارې د شهيدانو لوړ مقام ته په ارزښت وركولو؛
... (سریزه)
Religious Law
Malaysia
- English…
4. Civil and criminal law and procedure and the administration of justice, including
(a) constitution and organization of all courts other than Syariah Courts;
(b) jurisdiction and powers of all such courts;
(c) remuneration and other privileges of the judges and officers presiding over such courts;
(d) persons entitled to practise before such courts;
(e) subject to paragraph (ii), the following:
(i) contract; partnership, agency and other special contracts; master and servant; inns and inn-keepers; actionable wrongs; property and its transfer and hypothecation, except land; bona vacantia; equity and trusts; marriage, divorce and legitimacy; married women’s property and status; interpretation of federal law; negotiable instruments; statutory declarations; arbitration; mercantile law; registration of businesses and business names; age of majority; infants and minors; adoption; succession, testate and intestate; probate and letters of administration; bankruptcy and insolvency; oaths and affirmations; limitation; reciprocal enforcement of judgments and orders; the law of evidence;
(ii) the matters mentioned in paragraph (i) do not include Islamic personal law relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy, family law, gifts or succession, testate and intestate;
…
(k) ascertainment of Islamic law and other personal laws for purposes of federal law;
... (Ninth Schedule, Legislative Lists, List I—Federal List, [Articles 74, 77]) - Malay…
4. Undang-undang dan tatacara sivil dan jenayah dan pentadbiran keadilan, termasuk—
(a) Keanggotaan dan susunan semua mahkamah selain Mahkamah Syariah;
(b) Bidang kuasa dan kuasa semua mahkamah itu;
(c) Saraan dan keistemewaan lain hakim dan pegawai yang mengetuai mahkamah itu;
(d) Orang yang berhak menjalankan amalan di hadapan mahkamah itu;
(e) Tertakluk kepada perenggan (ii), perkara yang berikut:
(i) Kontrak; perkongsian, agensi dan kontrak khas yang lain; majikan dan perkhidmat; rumah inapan dan tuan rumah inapan; perbuatan salah boleh dakwa; harta dan pindah hakmiliknya serta hipotekasinya, kecuali tanah; bona vacantia; ekuiti dan amanah; perkahwinan, perceraian dan kesahtarafan; harta dan taraf perempuan bersuami; pentafsiran undang-undang persekutuan; surat cara boleh niaga; akuan berkanun; timbang tara; undang-undang persaudagaran; pendaftaran perniagaan dan nama perniagaan; umur dewasa; budak-budak dan orang belum dewasa; pengangkutan; pewarisan, berwasiat dan tidak berwasiat; probet dan surat kuasa mentadbir; kebankrapan dan ketidakmampuan bayar; sumpah dan ikrar; batasan; penguatkuasaan bersaling penghakiman dan perintah; undang-undang keterangan;
(ii) perkara yang disebut dalam perenggan (i) tidak termasuk undang-undang diri Islam yang berhubungan dengan perkahwinan, perceraian, penjagaan, nafkah, pengangkatan, kesahtarafan, undang-undang keluarga, alang atau pewarisan, berwasiat dan tidak berwasiat;
…
(k) Penenetuan hukum Syarak dan undang-undang diri yang lain bagi maksud undang-undang persekutuan;
… (Jadual Kesembilan, Senarai Perundangan, Senarai I—Senarai Persekutuan, [Perkara 74, 77])
Religious Law
Angola
- EnglishAlterations to the Constitution must respect:
…
g) The secular nature of the state and the principle of the separation of church and state;
… (Art. 236) - PortugueseAs alterações da Constituição têm de respeitar o seguinte:
...
g) A laicidade do Estado e o princípio da separação entre o Estado e as igrejas;
... (Art. 236)
Religious Law
Bahrain
- English…
b. The State guarantees reconciling the duties of women towards the family with their work in society, and their equality with men in political, social, cultural, and economic spheres without breaching the provisions of Islamic canon law (Shari’a).
…
d. Inheritance is a guaranteed right governed by the Islamic Shari’a. (Art. 5) - Arabic…
ب - تكفل الدولة التوفيق بين واجبات المرأة نحو الأسرة وعملها في المجتمع، ومساواتها بالرجال في ميادين الحياة السياسية والاجتماعية والثـقافية والاقـتصادية دون إخلال بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية.
…
د - الميراث حق مكفول تحكمه الشريعة الإسلامية. (المادّة 5)