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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Citizenship and Nationality
Mozambique
- English1. Mozambican nationality may be granted to Mozambicans who, having lost such nationality now request it, provided that they meet all of the following conditions:
a. that they establish their domicile in Mozambique;
b. that they meet the requirements and offer the guarantees prescribed by law.
2. A Mozambican woman who has lost her nationality through marriage may reacquire it by addressing a request to the competent authorities.
3. Reacquisition of nationality shall restore the legal situation prevailing prior to the loss of nationality. (Art. 32) - Portuguese1. Pode ser concedida a nacionalidade moçambicana àqueles que, depois de a terem perdido, a requeiram e reunam cumulativamente as seguintes condições:
a) estabeleçam domicílio em Moçambique;
b) preencham os requisitos e ofereçam as garantias fixadas na lei.
2. A mulher moçambicana que tenha perdido a nacionalidade por virtude de casamento pode readquiri-la mediante requerimento às entidades competentes.
3. A reaquisição da nacionalidade faz regressar à situação jurídica anterior à perda da nacionalidade. (Art. 32)
Citizenship and Nationality
Togo
- EnglishThe law establishes the rules concerning:
- citizenship, …
- nationality, … (Art. 84) - FrenchLa loi fixe les règles concernant :
- la citoyenneté, ...
- la nationalité, ... (Art. 84)
Citizenship and Nationality
Sao Tome and Principe
- English1. São Toméan citizens shall be all those born within the national territory, the children of a São Toméan father or mother and those who may be considered as such by the Law.
2. São Toméan citizens who acquire the nationality of another country shall retain their original nationality. (Art. 3) - Portuguese1. São cidadãos são-tomenses todos os nascidos em território nacional, os filhos de pai ou mãe são-tomense e aqueles que como tal sejam considerados por lei.
2. Os cidadãos são-tomenses que adquiram a nacionalidade de outro país conservam a sua nacionalidade de origem. (Art. 3)
Citizenship and Nationality
South Sudan
- EnglishThe exclusive legislative and executive powers of the National Government shall be as follows:
…
4. Nationality and Naturalization;
… (Schedule (A): National Powers)
Citizenship and Nationality
Zimbabwe
- English(1) Any person who has been married to a Zimbabwean citizen for at least five years, whether before or after the effective date, and who satisfies the conditions prescribed by an Act of Parliament, is entitled, on application, to be registered as a Zimbabwean citizen.
(2) Any person who has been continuously and lawfully resident in Zimbabwe for at least ten years, whether before or after the effective date, and who satisfies the conditions prescribed by an Act of Parliament, is entitled, on application, to be registered as a Zimbabwean citizen.
(3) A child who is not a Zimbabwean citizen, but is adopted by a Zimbabwean citizen, whether before or after the effective date, is entitled, on application, to be registered as a Zimbabwean citizen. (Sec. 38)
Citizenship and Nationality
Ghana
- English(1) A citizen of Ghana may hold the citizenship of any other country in addition to his citizenship of Ghana.
…
(3) Where the law of a country requires a person who marries a citizen of that country to renounce the citizenship of his own country by virtue of that marriage, a citizen of Ghana who is deprived of his citizenship of Ghana by virtue of that marriage shall, on the dissolution of that marriage, become a citizen of Ghana. (Art. 8)
Citizenship and Nationality
South Africa
- EnglishNo citizen may be deprived of citizenship. (Sec. 20)
Citizenship and Nationality
Namibia
- English(1) The following persons shall be citizens of Namibia by birth:
(a) those born in Namibia before the date of Independence whose fathers or mothers would have been Namibian citizens at the time of the birth of such persons, if this Constitution had been in force at that time; and
(b) those born in Namibia before the date of Independence, who are not Namibian citizens under Sub-Article (a) hereof, and whose fathers or mothers were ordinarily resident in Namibia at the time of the birth of such persons: provided that their fathers or mothers were not then persons:
(aa) who were enjoying diplomatic immunity in Namibia under any law relating to diplomatic privileges; or
(bb) who were career representatives of another country; or
(cc) who were members of any police, military or security unit seconded for service within Namibia by the Government of another country: provided further that this Sub-Article shall not apply to persons claiming citizenship of Namibia by birth if such persons were ordinarily resident in Namibia at the date of Independence and had been so resident for a continuous period of not less than five (5) years prior to such date, or if the fathers or mothers of such persons claiming citizenship were ordinarily resident in Namibia at the date of the birth of such persons and had been so resident for a continuous period of not less than five (5) years prior to such date;
(c) those born in Namibia after the date of Independence whose fathers or mothers are Namibian citizens at the time of the birth of such persons;
(d) those born in Namibia after the date of Independence who do not qualify for citizenship under Sub-Article (c) hereof, and whose fathers or mothers are ordinarily resident in Namibia at the time of the birth of such persons: provided that their fathers or mothers are not then persons:
(aa) enjoying diplomatic immunity in Namibia under any law relating to diplomatic privileges; or
(bb) who are career representatives of another country; or
(cc) who are members of any police, military or security unit seconded for service within Namibia by the Government of another country; or
(dd) who are illegal immigrants:
provided further that Sub-Articles (aa), (bb), (cc) and (dd) hereof will not apply to children who would otherwise be stateless.
(2) The following persons shall be citizens of Namibia by descent:
(a) those who are not Namibian citizens under Sub-Article (1) hereof and whose fathers or mothers at the time of the birth of such persons are citizens of Namibia or whose fathers or mothers would have qualified for Namibian citizenship by birth under Sub-Article (1) hereof, if this Constitution had been in force at that time; and
(b) who comply with such requirements as to registration of citizenship as may be required by Act of Parliament: provided that nothing in this Constitution shall preclude Parliament from enacting legislation which requires the birth of such persons born after the date of Independence to be registered within a specific time either in Namibia or at an embassy, consulate or office of a trade representative of the Government of Namibia.
(3) The following persons shall be citizens of Namibia by marriage:
(a) those who are not Namibian citizens under Sub-Article (1) or (2) hereof and who:
(aa) in good faith marry a Namibian citizen or, prior to the coming into force of this Constitution, in good faith married a person who would have qualified for Namibian citizenship if this Constitution had been in force; and
(bb) subsequent to such marriage have ordinarily resided in Namibia as the spouse of such person for a period of not less than ten (10) years; and
(cc) apply to become citizens of Namibia;
(b) for the purposes of this Sub-Article (and without derogating from any effect that it may have for any other purposes) a marriage by customary law shall be deemed to be a marriage: provided that nothing in this Constitution shall preclude Parliament from enacting legislation which defines the requirements which need to be satisfied for a marriage by customary law to be recognised as such for the purposes of this Sub-Article.
…
(5) Citizenship by naturalisation may be applied for by persons who are not Namibian citizens
…
(7) Namibian citizenship shall be lost by persons who renounce their Namibian citizenship by voluntarily signing a formal declaration to that effect.
(8) Nothing in this Constitution shall preclude Parliament from enacting legislation providing for the loss of Namibian citizenship by persons who, after the date of Independence:
(a) have acquired the citizenship of any other country by any voluntary act; or
(b) have served or volunteered to serve in the armed or security forces of any other country without the written permission of the Namibian Government; or
(c) have taken up permanent residence in any other country and have absented themselves thereafter from Namibia for a period in excess of two (2) years without the written permission of the Namibian Government:
provided that no person who is a citizen of Namibia by birth or descent may be deprived of Namibian citizenship by such legislation.
(9) Parliament shall be entitled to make further laws not inconsistent with this Constitution regulating the acquisition or loss of Namibian citizenship. (Art. 4)
Citizenship and Nationality
Gambia
- English(1) Any person who has been ordinarily resident in The Gambia for a continuous period of not less than fifteen years and who satisfies the conditions set out in subsection (2) may apply, in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of the National Assembly, to be naturalised as a citizen of The Gambia.
(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that the applicant—
(a) is of full age and capacity;
(b) is of good character;
(c) has clearly shown that, if naturalised, he or she intends to continue permanently to reside in The Gambia;
(d) is capable of supporting himself or herself and his or her dependants.
(3) The Minister shall give reasons for any refusal of an application made under this section.
(4) No person shall be naturalized until he or she has renounced any other citizenship he or she may have and taken an oath of allegiance to The Gambia. (Sec. 12)
Citizenship and Nationality
Uganda
- EnglishThe following persons shall be citizens of Uganda by birth-
a. every person born in Uganda one of whose parents or grandparents is or was a member of any of the indigenous communities existing and residing within the borders of Uganda as at the first day of February, 1926, and set out in the Third Schedule to this Constitution; and
b. every person born in or outside Uganda one of whose parents or grandparents was at the time of birth of that person a citizen of Uganda by birth. (Art. 10)