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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Azerbaijan
- EnglishI. The Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan determines the general rules on the following matters:
…
12. … inheritance;
13. right of ownership, including the legal regime of the State, private and municipal property, right of intellectual property; other property rights; obligation right;
… (Art. 94) - AzerbaijaniI. Azərbaycan Respublikasının Milli Məclisi aşağıdakı məsələlərə dair ümumi qaydalar müəyyən edir:
…
12) … vərəsəlik;
13) mülkiyyət hüququ, o cümlədən dövlət, xüsusi və bələdiyyə mülkiyyətinin hüquqi rejimi, əqli mülkiyyət hüququ; digər əşya hüquqları; öhdəlik hüququ;
… (Maddə 94)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Ireland
- English1 1° The State acknowledges that man, in virtue of his rational being, has the natural right, antecedent to positive law, to the private ownership of external goods.
2° The State accordingly guarantees to pass no law attempting to abolish the right of private ownership or the general right to transfer, bequeath, and inherit property.
… (Art. 43) - Irish Gaelic1 1° Admhaíonn an Stát, toisc bua an réasúin a bheith ag an duine, go bhfuil sé de cheart nádúrtha aige maoin shaolta a bheith aige dá chuid féin go príobháideach, ceart is ársa ná reacht daonna.
2° Uime sin, ráthaíonn an Stát gan aon dlí a achtú d’iarraidh an ceart sin, ná gnáthcheart an duine chun maoin a shannadh agus a thiomnú agus a ghlacadh ina hoidhreacht, a chur ar ceal.
… (Airteagal 43)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Gambia
- English…
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
(4) In this section, the expression "discrimination" means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject, or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply to any law in so far as that law makes provision—
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(c) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;
… (Sec. 33)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Barbados
- EnglishWhereas every person in Barbados is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely-
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(b) protection for the privacy of his home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation;
… (Sec. 11)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Georgia
- English1. The following shall fall within the exclusive competence of the supreme state authorities of Georgia:
…
b) … legislation pertaining to land, minerals, and other natural resources;
… (Art. 7) - Georgian1. საქართველოს უმაღლეს სახელმწიფო ორგანოთა განსაკუთრებულ გამგებლობას მიეკუთვნება:
…
ბ) … მიწის, წიაღისეულისა და სხვა ბუნებრივი რესურსების კანონმდებლობა;
… (მუხლი 7)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Norway
- EnglishAllodial right and the right of primogeniture shall not be abolished. The specific conditions under which these rights shall continue for the greatest benefit of the State and to the best advantage of the rural population shall be determined by the first or second subsequent Storting. (Art. 117)
- NorwegianOdels- og åsetesretten må ikke oppheves. De nærmere betingelser for hvordan den skal bestå til støtte for staten og til gagn for landallmuen, fastsettes av det første eller annet følgende storting. (§ 117)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Portugal
- English1. The objectives of the agricultural policy shall be:
…
b) To promote the improvement of the economic, social and cultural situation of rural workers and farmers, the development of the rural world, the rationalisation of the structure of land ownership, the modernisation of the business fabric, and the access by those that work the land to ownership or possession of the land itself and of the other means of production that they directly employ thereon;
… (Art. 93) - Portuguese1. São objectivos da política agrícola:
…
b) Promover a melhoria da situação económica, social e cultural dos trabalhadores rurais e dos agricultores, o desenvolvimento do mundo rural, a racionalização das estruturas fundiárias, a modernização do tecido empresarial e o acesso à propriedade ou à posse da terra e demais meios de produção directamente utilizados na sua exploração por parte daqueles que a trabalham;
… (Art. 93)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Brazil
- EnglishThe social organization, customs, languages, creeds and traditions of Indians are recognized, as well as their original rights to the lands they traditionally occupy. The Union has the responsibility to delineate these lands and to protect and ensure respect for all their property.
§1°. Lands traditionally occupied by Indians are those on which they live on a permanent basis, those used for their productive activities, those indispensable for the preservation of environmental resources necessary for their well-being and those necessary for their physical and cultural reproduction, according to their uses, customs and traditions.
§2°. The lands traditionally occupied by Indians are destined for their permanent possession, and they shall be entitled to the exclusive usufruct of the riches of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon.
§3°. Utilization of water resources, including their energy potential, and prospecting and mining of mineral wealth on indigenous lands may only be done with the authorization of the National Congress, after hearing from the communities involved, which shall be assured of participation in the results of the mining, as provided by law.
§4°. The lands dealt with in this article are inalienable and nontransferable, and the statute of limitations does not run against rights thereto.
§5°. Removal of indigenous groups from their lands is prohibited except by referendum of the National Congress, in the event of a catastrophe or epidemic that places the population at risk or in the interest of national sovereignty, after deliberation of the National Congress, guaranteeing, under all circumstances, immediate return as soon as the risk ceases.
§6°. Acts aimed at the occupation, dominion and possession of the lands referred to in this article, or at exploitation of the natural wealth of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon, are null and void, producing no legal effects, except in the case of important public interest of the Union, according to the provisions of a complementary law; such nullity and extinction of acts shall not give rise to a right to compensation or to sue the Union, except, as provided by law, for improvements resulting from occupation in good faith.
§7°. The provisions of art. 174, §§ 3° and 4° do not apply to indigenous lands. (Art. 231) - PortugueseSão reconhecidos aos índios sua organização social, costumes, línguas, crenças e tradições, e os direitos originários sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, competindo à União demarcá-las, proteger e fazer respeitar todos os seus bens.
§ 1º - São terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios as por eles habitadas em caráter permanente, as utilizadas para suas atividades produtivas, as imprescindíveis à preservação dos recursos ambientais necessários a seu bem-estar e as necessárias a sua reprodução física e cultural, segundo seus usos, costumes e tradições.
§ 2º - As terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios destinam-se a sua posse permanente, cabendo-lhes o usufruto exclusivo das riquezas do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes.
§ 3º - O aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos, incluídos os potenciais energéticos, a pesquisa e a lavra das riquezas minerais em terras indígenas só podem ser efetivados com autorização do Congresso Nacional, ouvidas as comunidades afetadas, ficando-lhes assegurada participação nos resultados da lavra, na forma da lei.
§ 4º - As terras de que trata este artigo são inalienáveis e indisponíveis, e os direitos sobre elas, imprescritíveis.
§ 5º - É vedada a remoção dos grupos indígenas de suas terras, salvo, "ad referendum" do Congresso Nacional, em caso de catástrofe ou epidemia que ponha em risco sua população, ou no interesse da soberania do País, após deliberação do Congresso Nacional, garantido, em qualquer hipótese, o retorno imediato logo que cesse o risco.
§ 6º - São nulos e extintos, não produzindo efeitos jurídicos, os atos que tenham por objeto a ocupação, o domínio e a posse das terras a que se refere este artigo, ou a exploração das riquezas naturais do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes, ressalvado relevante interesse público da União, segundo o que dispuser lei complementar, não gerando a nulidade e a extinção direito a indenização ou a ações contra a União, salvo, na forma da lei, quanto às benfeitorias derivadas da ocupação de boa fé.
§ 7º - Não se aplica às terras indígenas o disposto no art. 174, § 3º e § 4º. (Art. 231)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
- EnglishPrivate property is property owned and consumed by individual citizens.
Private property is derived from socialist distribution according to work done and from supplementary benefits granted by the State and society.
The products of individual sideline activities including those from kitchen gardens, as well as income from other legal economic activities shall also be private property.
The State shall protect private property and guarantee by law the right to inherit it. (Art. 24) - Korean개인소유는 공민들의 개인적이며 소비적인 목적을 위한 소유이다.
개인소유는 로동에 의한 사회주의분배와 국가와 사회의 추가적혜택으로 이루어진다.
터밭경리를 비롯한 개인부업경리에서 나오는 생산물과 그밖의 합법적인 경리활동을 통하여 얻은 수입도 개인소유에 속한다.
국가는 개인소유를 보호하며 그에 대한 상속권을 법적으로 보장한다. (제24조)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Slovakia
- English
(1) Everyone has the right to own property. The ownership right of all owners has the same legal content and protection.
… (Art. 20) - Slovak
(1) Kaţdý má právo vlastniť majetok. Vlastnícke právo všetkých vlastníkov má rovnaký zákonný obsah a ochranu.
... (Čl. 20)