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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Zimbabwe
- EnglishIn order to redress the unjust and unfair pattern of land ownership that was brought about by colonialism, and to bring about land reform and the equitable access by all Zimbabweans to the country’s natural resources, policies regarding agricultural land must be guided by the following principles—
(a) land is a finite natural resource that forms part of Zimbabweans’ common heritage;
(b) subject to section 72, every Zimbabwean citizen has a right to acquire, hold, occupy, use, transfer, hypothecate, lease or dispose of agricultural land regardless of his or her race or colour;
(c) the allocation and distribution of agricultural land must be fair and equitable, having regard to gender balance and diverse community interests;
(d) the land tenure system must promote increased productivity and investment by Zimbabweans in agricultural land;
(e) the use of agricultural land should promote food security, good health and nutrition and generate employment, while protecting and conserving the environment for future generations;
(f) no person may be deprived arbitrarily of their right to use and occupy agricultural land. (Sec. 289)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Chad
- English…
The law establishes the rules concerning:
…
- … the status and capacity of persons, the matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts;
…
The law defines the fundamental principles:
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- of the regime of ownership [propriété], of real rights and of civil and commercial obligations;
…
- of the regime of land tenure [foncier];
… (Art. 127) - Arabic...
يحدد القانون القواعد المتعلقة:
...
- ... بحالة وقدرة الأشخاص وأنظمة الزواج والإرث والهدايا؛
...
يحدد القانون المبادئ الأساسية:
...
- لنظام الملكية والحقوق العقارية والواجبات المدنية والتجارية؛
...
- نظام حيازة الأراضي؛
... (المادة 127) - French…
La loi fixe les règles concernant:
…
- … l'état et la capacité des personnes, les régimes matrimoniaux, les successions et les libéralités;
…
La loi détermine les principes fondamentaux:
…
- du régime de la propriété, des droits réels et des obligations civiles et commerciales;
…
- du régime foncier;
… (Art. 127)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bangladesh
- EnglishThe people shall own or control the instruments and means of production and distribution, and with this end in view ownership shall assume the following forms –
…
(b) co operative ownership, that is ownership by co operatives on behalf of their members within such limits as may be prescribed by law; and
(c) private ownership, that is ownership by individuals within such limits as may be prescribed by law. (Art. 13) - Bengaliউৎপাদনযন্ত্র, উৎপাদনব্যবস্থা ও বন্টনপ্রণালীসমূহের মালিক বা নিয়ন্ত্রক হইবেন জনগণ এবং এই উদ্দেশ্যে মালিকানা-ব্যবস্থা নিম্নরূপ হইবে:
...
(খ) সমবায়ী মালিকানা, অর্থাৎ আইনের দ্বারা নির্ধারিত সীমার মধ্যে সমবায়সমূহের সদস্যদের পক্ষে সমবায়সমূহের মালিকানা; এবং
(গ) ব্যক্তিগত মালিকানা, অর্থাৎ আইনের দ্বারা নির্ধারিত সীমার মধ্যে ব্যক্তির মালিকানা৷ (অনুচ্ছেদ ১৩)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
France
- EnglishStatutes shall determine the rules concerning:
…
- … matrimonial property systems, inheritance and gifts;
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Statutes shall also lay down the basic principles of:
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- systems of ownership, property rights and civil and commercial obligations;
… (1958 Constitution, Art. 34) - FrenchLa loi fixe les règles concernant:
…
- … les régimes matrimoniaux, les successions et libéralités;
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La loi détermine les principes fondamentaux:
…
- du régime de la propriété, des droits réels et des obligations civiles et commerciales;
… (Constitution 1958, Art. 34)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- English…
II. The State shall recognize, respect and grant individual and collective ownership rights to land, as well as the rights to use and enjoyment of natural resources.
… (Art. 349) - Spanish…
II. El Estado reconocerá, respetará y otorgará derechos propietarios individuales y colectivos sobre la tierra, así como derechos de uso y aprovechamiento sobre otros recursos naturales.
… (Art. 349)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Eswatini
- English(1) A person has a right to own property either alone or in association with others.
… (Sec. 19)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Malta
- EnglishWhereas every person in Malta is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely –
(a) … the enjoyment of property and the protection of the law;
… (Art. 32) - MalteseBilli kull persuna f’Malta hija intitolata għad-drittijiet u libertajiet fundamentali tal-individwu, jiġifieri, id-dritt, tkun xi tkun ir-razza, post ta’ oriġini, fehmiet politiċi, kulur, twemmin, sess, orjentazzjoni sesswali jew identità tal-ġeneru tagħha, iżda suġġett għar-rispett tad-drittijiet u l-libertajiet ta’ oħrajn u tal-interess pubbliku, għal kull waħda u kollha kemm huma dawn li ġejjin, jiġifieri-
(a) … it-tgawdija ta’ proprjetà u l-protezzjoni tal-liġi;
… (Art. 32)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Canada
- EnglishIt shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters not coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces; and for greater Certainty, but not so as to restrict the Generality of the foregoing Terms of this Section, it is hereby declared that (notwithstanding anything in this Act) the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to all Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is to say,
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24. Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.
… (Constitution Act 1867, Sec. 91) - FrenchIl sera loisible à la Reine, de l’avis et du consentement du Sénat et de la Chambre des Communes, de faire des lois pour la paix, l’ordre et le bon gouvernement du Canada, relativement à toutes les matières ne tombant pas dans les categories de sujets par la présente loi exclusivement assignés aux législatures des provinces; mais, pour plus de garantie, sans toutefois restreindre la généralité des termes ci-haut employés dans le présent article, il est par la présente déclaré que (nonobstant toute disposition contraire énoncée dans la présente loi) l’autorité legislative exclusive du parlement du Canada s’étend à toutes les matières tombant dans les catégories de sujets ci-dessous énumérés, savoir:
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24. Les Indiens et les terres réservées pour les Indiens.
… (Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, Sec. 91)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Indonesia
- English
(1) Every person shall have the right to protection of his/herself, family, honour, dignity, and property,
… (Art. 28G) - Indonesian
(1) Setiap orang berhak atas perlindungan diri pribadi, keluarga, kehormatan, martabat, dan harta benda yang di bawah kekuasaannya,
… (Pasal 28G)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Ghana
- English(1) All stool lands in Ghana shall vest in the appropriate stool on behalf of, and in trust for the subjects of the stool in accordance with customary law and usage.
(2) There shall be established the Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands which shall be responsible for—
(a) the establishment of a stool land account for each stool into which shall be paid all rents, dues, royalties, revenues or other payments whether in the nature of income or capital from the stool lands;
(b) the collection of all such rents, dues, royalties, revenues or other payments whether in the nature of income or capital, and to account for them to the beneficiaries specified in clause (6) of this article; and
(c) the disbursement of such revenues as may be determined in accordance with clause (6) of this article.
(3) There shall be no disposition or development of any stool land unless the Regional Lands Commission of the region in which the land is situated has certified that the disposition or development is consistent with the development plan drawn up or approved by the planning authority for the area concerned.
…
(7) The Administrator of Stool Lands and the Regional Lands Commission shall consult with the stools and other traditional authorities in all matters relating to the administration and development of stool land and shall make available to them all relevant information and data.
(8) The Lands Commission and the Administrator of Stool lands shall co-ordinate with all relevant public agencies and traditional authorities and stools in preparing a policy framework for the rational and productive development and management of stool lands.
… (Art. 267)