Political Constitution of the Republic of Panama 1972, as amended to 2004
Political Rights and Association
  • English

    The formation of companies, associations, or foundations that are not contrary to morals or legal order, is permitted. These may obtain recognition as juridical persons. Recognition shall not be granted to associations whose ideologies are based on the supposed superiority of any race or ethnic group or which defend or promote racial discrimination. … (Art. 39)

  • Spanish

    Es permitido formar compañías, asociaciones y fundaciones que no sean contrarias a la moral o al orden legal, las cuales pueden obtener su reconocimiento como personas jurídicas.
    No se otorgará reconocimiento a las asociaciones inspiradas en ideas o teorías basadas en la pretendida superioridad de una raza o de un grupo étnico, o que justifiquen o promuevan la discriminación racial.
    … (Art. 39)

Political Rights and Association
  • English

    All Panamanians over eighteen years of age are citizens of the Republic, without regard to sex. (Art. 131)

  • Spanish

    Son ciudadanos de la República todos los panameños mayores de dieciocho años, sin distinción de sexo. (Art. 131)

Political Rights and Association
  • English

    Political rights and the capacity to perform public functions with power and jurisdiction are reserved to natural born Panamanian cultures. (Art. 132)

  • Spanish

    Los derechos políticos y la capacidad para ejercer cargos públicos con mando y jurisdicción, se reservan a los ciudadanos panameños. (Art. 132)

Political Rights and Association
  • English

    Voting is a right and a duty of all citizens. The vote is free, equal, universal, secret and direct. (Art. 135)

  • Spanish

    El sufragio es un derecho y un deber de todos los ciudadanos. El voto es libre, igual, universal, secreto y directo. (Art. 135)

Links to all sites last visited 28 February 2024
3

Chapter 3 on Work.

4

Chapter 8 on Agrarian System.

5

Chapter 8 on Agrarian System.