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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Citizenship and Nationality
Gambia
- EnglishEvery person born in The Gambia after the coming into force of this Constitution shall become a citizen of The Gambia at the date of his or her birth if, at the time of his or her birth, one or both of his or her parents is a citizen of The Gambia. (Sec. 9)
Citizenship and Nationality
Saint Kitts and Nevis
- English(1) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires,
…
"parent", in relation to any other person, includes
(a) any person who has adopted him or her in a manner recognized by law; and
(b) in the case of a person born out of wedlock and not legitimated, his or her mother and the person (if any) who acknowledges and can show that he or she is his or her father or has been found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be his or her father;
But, in the case of a person who has been adopted, it does not include any person who has relinquished his or her parental rights over him or her as a consequence of the adoption;
…
(d) for depriving of his or her citizenship any person who has become a citizen by virtue of registration or naturalisation if his or her citizenship was obtained by false representation or fraud or wilful concealment of material facts or if he or she is convicted under any law of an act of treason or sedition:
Provided that any law enacted for the purposes of paragraph (d) shall include provisions under which the person concerned shall have a right of appeal to a court of law of competent jurisdiction or other independent authority and shall be permitted to appear before the court or authority in person or, at his or her own expense, to be represented by a legal practitioner of his or her own choice. (Sec. 119)
Citizenship and Nationality
Malta
- English(1) No citizen of Malta shall be deprived of his freedom of movement, and for the purpose of this article the said freedom means the right to move freely throughout Malta, the right to reside in any part of Malta, the right to leave and the right to enter Malta.
…
(4) For the purposes of this article, any person –
(a) who has emigrated from Malta (whether before, on or after the appointed day) and, having been a citizen of Malta by virtue of article 3(1) or of article 5(1) of the Maltese Citizenship Act as in force upon the coming into force of the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2000, has ceased to be such a citizen; or
(b) who emigrated from Malta before the appointed day and, but for his having ceased to be a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies before that day, would have become a citizen of Malta by virtue of article 3(1) of the Maltese Citizenship Act as in force upon the coming into force of the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2000; or
(c)* who is the spouse of a person mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of this sub-article or of a person who is a citizen of Malta by virtue of article 3(1) or of article 5(1) of the Maltese Citizenship Act as in force upon the coming into force of the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2000, and who has been married to that person for at least five years and is living with that person, or is the child under twenty-one years of age of such a person; or
(d) who is the widow or the widower of a person mentioned in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this subarticle or of a person who at the time of his or her death was a citizen of Malta by virtue of article 3(1) or of article 5(1) of the Maltese Citizenship Act as in force upon the coming into force of the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2000, and who was still living with him or her at the time of his or her death and had been married to that person for at least five years or who would, but for the death of that person, have been so married for at least five years, or is the child under twenty-one years of age of such a person,
shall be deemed to be a citizen of Malta by virtue of article 3(1) or of article 5(1) of the Maltese Citizenship Act as in force upon the coming into force of the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2000:
Provided that if the Minister responsible for matters relating to Maltese citizenship at any time by order declares that it is contrary to the public interest that a spouse as is mentioned in paragraph (c), or a widow or widower as is mentioned in paragraph (d), or a child over eighteen years of age as is mentioned in paragraph (c) or (d) is to be so deemed, or to continue to be so deemed, such spouse, widow, widower or child, as the case may be, shall thereupon cease to be deemed to be a citizen of Malta as aforesaid:
Provided further that the Minister responsible for matters relating to Maltese citizenship shall not be required to assign any reason for the issue of any order referred to in the immediately preceding proviso, and the decision of the Minister on any such order shall not be subject to appeal to or review in any court.
… (Art. 44) - Maltese(1) Ebda ċittadin ta’ Malta ma għandu jiġi pprivat mil-libertà tiegħu ta’ moviment, u għall-fini ta’ dan l-artikolu din il-libertà tfisser id-dritt ta’ moviment liberu ġewwa Malta, id-dritt li jirrisjedi f’kull parti ta’ Malta, id-dritt li joħroġ minn Malta u d-dritt li jidħol Malta.
…
(4) Għall-finijiet ta’ dan l-artikolu kull persuna -
(a) li tkun emigrat minn Malta (kemm jekk qabel, fi jew wara l-ġurnata stabbilita) u, billi kienet ċittadin ta’ Malta bis-saħħa tal-artikolu 3(1) jew tal-artikolu 5(1) tal-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija kif ikun fis-seħħ mal-bidu fis-seħħ tal-Att tal-2000 li jemenda l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija, tkun temmet milli tkun ċittadin bħal dak; jew
(b) li emigrat minn Malta qabel il-ġurnata stabbilita u, li ma kienx għaliex tkun temmet milli tkun ċittadin tar-Renju Unit u Kolonji qabel dik il-ġurnata, kienet issir ċittadin ta’ Malta bis-saħħa tal-artikolu 3(1) l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija kif ikun fis-seħħ mal-bidu fis-seħħ tal-Att tal-2000 li jemenda l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija; jew
(ċ)* li jkun il-konjuġi ta’ persuna msemmija fil-paragrafu (a) jew (b) ta’ dan is-subartikolu jew ta’ persuna li tkun ċittadin ta’ Malta bis-saħħa tal-artikolu 3(1) jew tal-artikolu 5(1) tal-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija kif ikun fis-seħħ mal-bidu fis-seħħ tal-Att tal-2000 li jemenda l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija u li tkun miżżewġa lil dik il-persuna għal mill-inqas ħames snin u li tkun tgħix ma’ dik il-persuna, jew tkun l-iben jew il-bint taħt il-wieħed u għoxrin sena ta’ età ta’ dik il-persuna; jew,
(d) li tkun l-armla jew l-armel ta’ persuna msemmija fil-paragrafu (a) jew fil-paragrafu (b) ta’ dan is-subartikolu jew ta’ persuna li fil-waqt tal-mewt tiegħu jew tagħha kienet ċittadin ta’ Malta bis-saħħa tal-artikolu 3(1) jew tal-artikolu 5(1) tal-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija kif ikun fis-seħħ mal-bidu fis-seħħ tal-Att tal-2000 li jemenda l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija, u li kienet għadha tgħix miegħu jew jgħix magħha fil-waqt tal-mewt tiegħu jew tagħha u li kienet ilha miżżewġa lil dik il-persuna għal mill-inqas ħames snin, jew li kieku kienet, li ma kienx għall-mewt ta’ dik il-persuna, tkun ilha hekk miżżewġa għal mill-inqas ħames snin, jew tkun l-iben jew il-bint taħt l-età ta’ wieħed u għoxrin sena ta’ dik il-persuna,
għandha titqies li tkun ċittadin ta’ Malta bis-saħħa tal-artikolu 3(1) jew tal-artikolu 5(1) tal-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija kif ikun fis-seħħ mal-bidu fis-seħħ tal-Att tal-2000 li jemenda l-Att dwar iċ-Ċittadinanza Maltija:
Iżda jekk il-Ministru responsabbli għall-ħwejjeġ li għandhom x’jaqsmu maċ-ċittadinanza Maltija f’xi żmien b’ordni jiddikjara li jkun kontra l-interess pubbliku li konjuġi kif hemm imsemmi fil-paragrafu (ċ), jew armla jew armel kif hemm imsemmi fil-paragrafu (d), jew iben jew bint li jkollhom ’il fuq minn tmintax-il sena ta’ età kif hemm imsemmi fil-paragrafu (ċ) jew (d) għandhom hekk jitqiesu, jew ikomplu hekk jitqiesu, dawk il-konjuġi, armla, armel, iben jew bint, skont il-każ, għandhom ma’ dan itemmu milli jitqiesu bħala ċittadini ta’ Malta kif imsemmi qabel:
Iżda wkoll, il-Ministru responsabbli għall-ħwejjeġ li għandhom x’jaqsmu maċ-ċittadinanza Maltija ma għandux ikun meħtieġ li jagħti ebda raġuni għall-ħruġ ta’ xi ordni msemmi fil-proviso li jiġi minnufih qabel, u d-deċiżjoni tal-Ministru dwar xi ordni bħal dan ma għandha tkun suġġetta għal appell jew stħarriġ f’ebda qorti.
… (Art. 44)
Citizenship and Nationality
Argentina
- EnglishCongress is empowered:
…
12.- … to enact general laws of naturalization and nationality for the whole nation, based on the principle of nationality by birth or by option for the benefit of Argentina;
… (Sec. 75) - SpanishCorresponde al Congreso:
…
12. Dictar … leyes generales para toda la Nación sobre naturalización y nacionalidad, con sujeción al principio de nacionalidad natural y por opción en beneficio de la Argentina;
… (Art. 75)
Citizenship and Nationality
Kenya
- English(1) A person who has been married to a citizen for a period of at least seven years is entitled on application to be registered as a citizen.
(2) A person who has been lawfully resident in Kenya for a continuous period of at least seven years, and who satisfies the conditions prescribed by an Act of Parliament, may apply to be registered as a citizen.
(3) A child who is not a citizen, but is adopted by a citizen, is entitled on application to be registered as a citizen.
(4) Parliament shall enact legislation establishing conditions on which citizenship may be granted to individuals who are citizens of other countries.
… (Art. 15) - Swahili(1) Mtu ambaye ameolewa na raia kwa muda wa angalau miaka saba ana haki ya kutuma maombi na kuandikishwa kuwa raia.
(2) Mtu ambaye amekaa kihalali nchini Kenya kwa kipindi kisichozidi miaka saba mfululizo, na ambaye anakidhi masharti yaliyowekwa na Sheria ya Bunge, anaweza kutuma maombi ili kuandikishwa kama raia.
(3) Mtoto ambaye si raia, lakini ameasiliwa na raia, ana haki ya kutuma maombi ya kuandikishwa kama raia.
(4) Bunge litatunga sheria ya kuweka masharti ambayo kwayo uraia unaweza kutolewa kwa watu ambao ni raia wa nchi zingine.
… (Kifungu cha 15)
Citizenship and Nationality
Trinidad and Tobago
- EnglishParliament may make provisions relating to citizenship including provision—
(a) for the acquisition of citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago by persons who are not or do not become citizens of Trinidad and Tobago by virtue of the provisions of this Chapter2;
(b) for depriving of his citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago any citizen of Trinidad and Tobago but only on the acquisition of citizenship of some other country in the case of a citizen by birth or descent; or
(c) for the renunciation by any person of his citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago. (Sec. 20)
Citizenship and Nationality
Serbia
- EnglishAcquiring and terminating citizenship of the Republic of Serbia shall be regulated by the law.
A citizen of the Republic of Serbia may not be expelled or deprived of citizenship or the right to change it.
Any child born in the Republic of Serbia shall have the right to citizenship of the Republic of Serbia unless conditions have been met to acquire citizenship of some other country. (Art. 38) - Serbian CyrillicСтицање и престанак држављанства Републике Србије уређује закон.
Држављанин Републике Србије не може бити протеран, ни лишен држављанства или права да га промени.
Дете рођено у Републици Србији има право на држављанство Републике Србије, ако нису испуњени услови да стекне држављанство друге државе. (Члан 38)
Citizenship and Nationality
Barbados
- English(1) A person born outside Barbados after 29th November 1966 shall become a citizen of Barbados at the date of his birth if at that date his father is a citizen of Barbados otherwise than by virtue of this section or section 2(2).
(2) Subject to subsection (1) and without derogating from, or in any way affecting, that subsection, a person born outside Barbados after 29th November 1966 shall become a citizen of Barbados at the date of his birth if at the date of the birth at least one of his parents is a citizen of Barbados who was born in Barbados. (Sec. 5)
Citizenship and Nationality
Armenia
- English1. A child born to citizens of the Republic of Armenia shall be a citizen of the Republic of Armenia.
2. Every child whose one parent is a citizen of the Republic of Armenia shall have the right to acquire citizenship of the Republic of Armenia.
3. Armenians by ethnicity shall have the right to acquire citizenship of the Republic of Armenia from the moment of establishing residence in the Republic Armenia.
4. Armenians by ethnicity shall acquire citizenship of the Republic of Armenia through a simplified procedure stipulated by law.
5. A citizen of the Republic of Armenia may not be deprived of citizenship. A citizen of the Republic of Armenia may not be deprived of the right to change citizenship.
6. The procedure of exercising the rights stipulated by this Article, the other grounds of acquiring citizenship of the Republic of Armenia, and the grounds of termination shall be stipulated by law.
7. The rights stipulated by Part 2-4 and by the second sentence of Part 5 of this Article may be restricted only by law with the aim of protecting state security, preventing or solving crimes, as well as protecting other public interests.
8. Citizens of the Republic of Armenia, while outside of the borders of the Republic of Armenia, shall be under the protection of the Republic of Armenia on the basis of international law. (Art. 47) - Armenian1. Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիներից ծնված երեխան Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացի է:
2. Յուրաքանչյուր երեխա, որի ծնողներից մեկը Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացի է, ունի Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիություն ձեռք բերելու իրավունք:
3. Ազգությամբ հայերը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում բնակություն հաստատելու պահից ունեն Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիություն ձեռք բերելու իրավունք:
4. Ազգությամբ հայերը Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիությունը ձեռք են բերում օրենքով սահմանված պարզեցված կարգով:
5. Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացին չի կարող զրկվել քաղաքացիությունից: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացին չի կարող զրկվել քաղաքացիությունը փոխելու իրավունքից:
6. Սույն հոդվածով սահմանված իրավունքների իրականացման կարգը, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիության ձեռքբերման այլ հիմքերը, ինչպես նաև դադարեցման հիմքերը սահմանվում են օրենքով:
7. Սույն հոդվածի 2-4-րդ մասերով, ինչպես նաև 5-րդ մասի 2-րդ նախադասությամբ սահմանված իրավունքները կարող են սահմանափակվել միայն օրենքով` պետական անվտանգության, հանցագործությունների կանխման կամ բացահայտման, ինչպես նաև այլ հանրային շահերի պաշտպանության նպատակով:
8. Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիները Հայաստանի Հանրապետության սահմաններից դուրս, միջազգային իրավունքի հիման վրա, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության ներքո են: (Հոդված 47)
Citizenship and Nationality
Indonesia
- English(1) Citizens shall consist of indigenous Indonesian peoples and persons of foreign origin who have been legalised as citizens in accordance with law.
(2) Residents shall consist of Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals living in Indonesia.
(3) Matters concerning citizens and residents shall be regulated by law. (Art. 26) - Indonesian(1) Yang menjadi warga negara ialah orang-orang bangsa Indonesia asli dan orang-orang bangsa lain yang disahkan dengan undang-undang sebagai warga negara.
(2) Penduduk ialah warga negara Indonesia dan orang asing yang bertempat tinggal di Indonesia.
(3) Hal-hal mengenai warga negara dan penduduk diatur dengan undang-undang. (Pasal 26)