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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Composition and Appointment
Central African Republic
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court consists of nine (9) members including at least four (4) women, who hold the title of Constitutional Judge.
The duration of the mandate of the Constitutional Judges is of seven (7) years, non-renewable.
The members of the Constitutional Court are designated as follows:
– two (2) Magistrates including one women, elected by their peers;
– two (2) Attorney including one woman, elected by their peers;
– two (2) [members] of a Faculty of Law [enseignants-chercheurs de Droit] including one woman, elected by their peers;
– one (1) member appointed by the President of the Republic;
– one (1) member appointed by the President of the National Assembly;
– one (1) member appointed by the President of the Senate.
... (Art. 99) - FrenchLa Cour Constitutionnelle comprend neuf (09) membres dont au moins quatre (4) femmes, qui portent Ie titre de Juge Constitutionnel.
La durée du mandat des Juges Constitutionnels est de sept (07) ans non renouvelable.
Les membres de la Cour Constitutionnelle sont désignés comme suit:
- deux (2) magistrats dont une femme, élus par leurs pairs;
- deux (2) avocats dont une femme, élus par leurs pairs;
- deux (2) enseignants-chercheurs de Droit dont une femme, élus par leurs pairs;
- un (1) membre nommé par Ie Président de la République;
- un (1) membre nommé par Ie Président de l'Assemblée Nationale;
- un (1) membre nommé par Ie Président du Sénat.
... (Art. 99)
Jurisdiction and Access
Chad
- EnglishThe Supreme Court is the highest jurisdiction of Chad in judicial, administrative, [and] constitutional matters and [matters] of accounts.
It takes cognizance of disputes [concerning] the presidential, legislative and local elections. It sees to the regularity of the operations of referendum and proclaims the results of them.
It decides on the pleadings [exception] of unconstitutionality raised by any citizen before a jurisdiction in a matter [affaire] which concerns him.
... (Art. 157) - Arabicالمحكمة العليا هي أعلى سلطة قضائية وتنظر في مسائل التشاد القضائية، الإدارية، والدستورية ومسائل الحسابات.
تتمتع بصلاحية النظر في الخلافات المتعلقة بالانتخابات الرئاسية والتشريعية والمحلية. وتحرص على انتظام عمليات الاستفتاء وتعلن نتائجها.
تقرر في مذكرات عدم الدستورية التي يقدمها أي مواطن أمام سلطة قضائية في مسألة تخصه.
... (المادة 157) - FrenchLa Cour Suprême est la plus haute juridiction du Tchad en matière judiciaire, administrative, constitutionnelle et des comptes.
Elle connait du contentieux des élections présidentielles, législatives et locales. Elle veille à la régularité des opérations de référendum et en proclame les résultats.
Elle statue sur l'exception d'inconstitutionnalité soulevée par tout citoyen devant une juridiction dans une affaire qui le concerne.
... (Art. 157)
Jurisdiction and Access
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court is the judge of the exceptions of unconstitutionality raised before or by a jurisdiction.
Any person may refer the Constitution Court to [a matter concerning] the unconstitutionality of any legislative or regulatory act.
In addition, he may refer the Constitutional Court to [a matter], by the procedure of the exception of unconstitutionality invoked in a matter concerning him before a jurisdiction.
That [jurisdiction] stays [its] decision and refers the Constitutional Court to [it], all [other] matters ceasing. (Art. 162) - FrenchLa Cour constitutionnelle est juge de l’exception d’inconstitutionnalité soulevée devant ou par une juridiction.
Toute personne peut saisir la Cour constitutionnelle pour inconstitutionnalité de tout acte législatif ou réglementaire.
Elle peut, en outre, saisir la Cour constitutionnelle, par la procédure de l’exception de l’inconstitutionnalité invoquée dans une affaire qui la concerne devant une juridiction.
Celle-ci sursoit à statuer et saisit, toutes affaires cessantes, la Cour constitutionnelle. (Art. 162)
Jurisdiction and Access
North Macedonia
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court of the Republic of North Macedonia:
- decides on the conformity of laws with the Constitution;
- decides on the conformity of collective agreements and other regulations with the Constitution and laws;
- protects the freedoms and rights of the individual and citizen relating to the freedom of conviction, conscience, thought and public expression of thought, political association and activity as well as to the prohibition of discrimination among citizens on the ground of sex, race, religion or national, social or political affiliation;
- decides on conflicts of competency among holders of legislative, executive and judicial offices;
- decides on conflicts of competency among bodies of the Republic and units of local self-government;
- decides on the accountability of the President of the Republic;
- decides on the constitutionality of the programmes and statutes of political parties and associations of citizens and
- decides on other issues determined by the Constitution. (Art. 110) - MacedonianУставниот суд на Република Северна Македонија:
- одлучува за согласноста на законите со Уставот;
- одлучува за согласноста на другите прописи и на колективните договори со Уставот и со законите;
- ги штити слободите и правата на човекот и граѓанинот што се однесуваат на слободата на уверувањето, совеста, мислата и јавното изразување на мислата, политичкото здружување и дејствување и забраната на дискриминација на граѓаните по основ на пол, раса, верска, национална, социјална и политичка припадност;
- решава за судирот на надлежностите меѓу носителите на законодавната, извршната и судската власт;
- решава за судирот на надлежностите меѓу органите на Републиката и единиците на локалната самоуправа;
- одлучува за одговорноста на претседателот на Републиката;
- одлучува за уставноста на програмите и статутите на политичките партии и на здруженијата на граѓаните и
- одлучува и за други прашања утврдени со Уставот. (Член 110)
Jurisdiction and Access
Costa Rica
- EnglishIt will correspond to a specialized Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice to declare, by absolute majority of its members, the unconstitutionality of the norms of any nature and of the acts subject to the Public Law. The jurisdictional acts of the Judicial Power, the declaration of election made by the Supreme Tribunal of Elections and the others determined by the law[,] will not be impugnable by this way.
It will also correspond to it:
a. To settle the conflicts of competence between the powers of the State, the Supreme Tribunal of Elections included, as well as with the other entities or organs that the law indicates.
b. To take cognizance of the consultations on bills of constitutional reform, of approval of international agreements or treaties and of other bills of law, as provided in the law. (Art. 10) - SpanishCorresponderá a una Sala especializada de la Corte Suprema de Justicia declarar, por mayoría absoluta de sus miembros, la inconstitucionalidad de las normas de cualquier naturaleza y de los actos sujetos al Derecho Público. No serán impugnables en esta vía los actos jurisdiccionales del Poder Judicial, la declaratoria de elección que haga el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones y los demás que determine la ley.
Le corresponderá además:
a) Dirimir los conflictos de competencia entre los poderes del Estado, incluido el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, así como con las demás entidades y órganos que indique la ley.
b) Conocer de las consultas sobre proyectos de reforma constitucional, de aprobación de convenios o tratados internacionales y de otros proyectos de ley, según se disponga en la ley. (Art. 10)
Jurisdiction and Access
Iran, Islamic Republic of
- EnglishAll legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be sent to the Guardian Council. The Guardian Council must review it within a maximum of ten days from its receipt with a view to ensuring its compatibility with the criteria of Islam and the Constitution. If it finds the legislation incompatible, it will return it to the Assembly for review. Otherwise the legislation will be deemed enforceable. (Art. 94)
- Persianکلیه مصوبات مجلس شورای اسلامی باید به شورای نگهبان فرستاده شود. شورای نگهبان موظف است آن را حداکثر ظرف ده روز از تاریخ وصول از نظر انطباق بر موازین اسلام و قانون اساسی مورد بررسی قرار دهد و چنانچه آن را مغایر ببیند برای تجدید نظر به مجلس بازگرداند. در غیر این صورت مصوبه قابل اجرا است. (اصل 94)
Jurisdiction and Access
Gabon
- EnglishThe organic laws and the ordinances concerning the domain arising from the organic law are submitted by the Prime Minister to the Constitutional Court before their promulgation or their publication.
The other categories of law as well as ordinances may be deferred to the Constitutional Court, either by the President of the Republic, or by the Prime Minister, or by the Presidents of the Chambers of Parliament or one-tenth (1/10) of the members of each Chamber, or by the Presidents of the Court of Cassation, of the Council of State and of the Court of Accounts, or by any citizen or any juridical person prejudiced by the law or the ordinance contested.
… (Art. 85) - FrenchLes lois organiques et les ordonnances portant sur le domaine relevant de la loi organique sont soumises par le Premier Ministre à la Cour Constitutionnelle avant leur promulgation ou leur publication.
Les autres catégories de loi ainsi que les ordonnances peuvent être déférées à la Cour Constitutionnelle, soit par le Président de la République, soit par le Premier Ministre, soit par les Présidents des Chambres du Parlement ou un dixième (1/10e) des membres de chaque Chambre, soit par les Présidents de la Cour de Cassation, du Conseil d'Etat et de la Cour des Comptes, soit par tout citoyen ou toute personne morale lésée par la loi ou l'ordonnance querellée.
... (Art. 85)
Jurisdiction and Access
Romania
- English(1) The Constitutional Court shall be the guarantor for the supremacy of the Constitution.
… (Art. 142) - Romanian(1) Curtea Constituţională este garantul supremaţiei Constituţiei.
… (Art. 142)
Jurisdiction and Access
Ecuador
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court shall perform the following duties, in addition to those granted to it by the law:
1. To be the supreme body for interpreting the Constitution and international human rights treaties ratified by the Ecuadorian State by its rulings and judgments. Its decisions shall be binding.
2. To hear and resolve public claims of unconstitutionality, based either on substantive or procedural grounds, filed against general regulatory acts issued by authorities of the State. The declaration of unconstitutionality shall lead to invalidation of the challenged regulatory act.
3. To declare, by virtue of its office, unconstitutional those norms that are related, when in those cases submitted to its examination it concludes that one or various of them are contrary to the Constitution.
4. To hear and resolve, at the request of a party, claims of unconstitutionality against general administrative acts issued by all public authorities. The declaration of unconstitutionality shall lead to the invalidity of the challenged administrative act.
5. To hear and resolve, at the request of the party, claims of noncompliance that are filed to guarantee enforcement of general administrative regulations or acts, regardless of their nature or hierarchy, as well for enforcement of rulings or reports from international organizations for the protection of human rights that are not enforceable through regular judiciary channels.
6. To issue judgments that constitute binding case law with respect to actions of protection, enforcement, habeas corpus, habeas data, access to public information and other constitutional processes, as well as those cases selected by the Court for review.
7. To arbitrate conflicts of jurisdictions or attributions among the branches of government or bodies established by the Constitution.
8. To ensure, by virtue of its office and immediately, monitoring of the constitutionality of the declarations of state of emergency, when this involves the suspension of constitutional rights.
9. To hear and sanction failure to comply constitutional rulings and decisions.
10. To declare the unconstitutionality incurred by State institutions or public authorities that fail to observe, either totally or partially, the mandates contained in constitutional norms, within the time-limits set by the Constitution or within the time-limits deemed to be reasonable by the Constitutional Court. If this failure persists, after this time-limit has elapsed, the Court shall provisionally issue the regulation or enforce the observance, in accordance with the law. (Art. 436) - SpanishLa Corte Constitucional ejercerá, además de las que le confiera la ley, las siguientes atribuciones:
1. Ser la máxima instancia de interpretación de la Constitución, de los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos ratificados por el Estado ecuatoriano, a través de sus dictámenes y sentencias. Sus decisiones tendrán carácter vinculante.
2. Conocer y resolver las acciones públicas de inconstitucionalidad, por el fondo o por la forma, contra actos normativos de carácter general emitidos por órganos autoridades del Estado.
La declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad tendrá como efecto la invalidez del acto normativo impugnado.
3. Declarar de oficio la inconstitucionalidad de normas conexas, cuando en los casos sometidos a su conocimiento concluya que una o varias de ellas son contrarias a la Constitución.
4. Conocer y resolver, a petición de parte, la inconstitucionalidad contra los actos administrativos con efectos generales emitidos por toda autoridad pública. La declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad tendrá como efecto la invalidez del acto administrativo.
5. Conocer y resolver, a petición de parte, las acciones por incumplimiento que se presenten con la finalidad de garantizar la aplicación de normas o actos administrativos de carácter general, cualquiera que sea su naturaleza o jerarquía, así como para el cumplimiento de sentencias o informes de organismos internacionales de protección de derechos humanos que no sean ejecutables por las vías judiciales ordinarias.
6. Expedir sentencias que constituyan jurisprudencia vinculante respecto de las acciones de protección, cumplimiento, hábeas corpus, hábeas data, acceso a la información pública y demás procesos constitucionales, así como los casos seleccionados por la Corte para su revisión.
7. Dirimir conflictos de competencias o de atribuciones entre funciones del Estado u órganos establecidos en la Constitución.
8. Efectuar de oficio y de modo inmediato el control de constitucionalidad de las declaratorias de los estados de excepción, cuando impliquen la suspensión de derechos constitucionales.
9. Conocer y sancionar el incumplimiento de las sentencias y dictámenes constitucionales.
10. Declarar la inconstitucionalidad en que incurran las instituciones del Estado o autoridades públicas que por omisión inobserven, en forma total o parcial, los mandatos contenidos en normas constitucionales, dentro del plazo establecido en la Constitución o en el plazo considerado razonable por la Corte Constitucional. Si transcurrido el plazo la omisión persiste, la Corte, de manera provisional, expedirá la norma o ejecutará el acto omitido, de acuerdo con la ley. (Art. 436)
Jurisdiction and Access
Malaysia
- English(1) The Federal Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have jurisdiction to determine in accordance with any rules of court regulating the exercise of such jurisdiction—
(a) any question whether a law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State is invalid on the ground that it makes provision with respect to a matter with respect to which Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws; and
(b) disputes on any other question between States or between the Federation and any State.
(2) Without prejudice to any appellate jurisdiction of the Federal Court, where in any proceedings before another court a question arises as to the effect of any provision of this Constitution, the Federal Court shall have jurisdiction (subject to any rules of court regulating the exercise of that jurisdiction) to determine the question and remit the case to the other court to be disposed of in accordance with the determination.
… (Art. 128) - Malay(1) Hanya Mahkamah Persekutuan sahaja, dan tidak mana-mana mahkamah lain, mempunyai bidang kuasa bagi memutuskan mengikut mana-mana kaedah mahkamah yang mengawal selia penjalanan bidang kuasa sedemikian—
(a) apa-apa soal sama ada sesuatu undang-undang yang dibuat oleh Parlimen atau Badan Perundangan sesuatu Negeri adalah tidak sah atas alasan bahawa undang-undang itu membuat peruntukan mengenai sesuatu perkara yang mengenainya Parlimen atau, mengikut mana-mana yang berkenaan, Badan Perundangan Negeri itu tidak mempunyai kuasa untuk membuat undang-undang; dan
(b) pertikaian atas apa-apa soal lain antara Negeri dengan Negeri atau antara Persekutuan dengan mana-mana Negeri.
(2) Tanpa menjelaskan apa-apa bidang kuasa rayuan Mahkamah Persekutuan, jika dalam mana-mana prosiding di hadapan suatu mahkamah lain suatu soal berbangkit tentang kesan mana-mana peruntukan Perlembagaan ini, Mahkamah Persekutuan mempunyai bidang kuasa (tertakluk kepada mana-mana kaedah mahkamah yang mengawal selia perjalanan bidang kuasa itu) untuk memutuskan soal itu dan menghantar balik kes itu kepada mahkamah yang satu lagi untuk dibereskan mengikut keputusan itu.
… (Perkara 128)