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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Minorities
- English1. This Constitution is founded upon the following underlying principles—
…
d. the inherent dignity and worth of each human being requires that the State and all persons shall recognize and protect human rights and afford the fullest protection to the rights and views of all individuals, groups and minorities whether or not they are entitled to vote;
… (Sec. 12)
Minorities
- English(1) The Legislature may, in order to ensure the representation in Parliament of Members from the Malay, Indian and other minority communities, by law make provision for —
(a) any constituency to be declared by the President, having regard to the number of electors in that constituency, as a group representation constituency to enable any election in that constituency to be held on a basis of a group of not less than 3 but not more than 6 candidates; and
(b) the qualifications, in addition to those in Article 44, of persons who may be eligible for any election in group representation constituencies, including the requirements referred to in clause (2).
(2) Any law made under clause (1) shall provide for —
(a) the President to designate every group representation constituency —
(i) as a constituency where at least one of the candidates in every group shall be a person belonging to the Malay community; or
(ii) as a constituency where at least one of the candidates in every group shall be a person belonging to the Indian or other minority communities;
(b) the establishment of —
...
(ii) a committee to determine whether a person desiring to be a candidate belongs to the Indian or other minority communities, for the purpose of any election in group representation constituencies;
(c) all the candidates in every group to be either members of the same political party standing for election for that political party or independent candidates standing as a group;
(d) the minimum and maximum number of Members to be returned by all group representation constituencies at a general election; and
(e) the number of group representation constituencies to be designated under paragraph (a)(i).
(3) No provision of any law made pursuant to this Article shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with Article 12 or be considered to be a differentiating measure under Article 78.
(4) In this Article —
…
“person belonging to the Indian or other minority communities” means any person of Indian origin who considers himself to be a member of the Indian community and who is generally accepted as a member of the Indian community by that community, or any person who belongs to any minority community other than the Malay or Indian community. (Art. 39A)
Minorities
- English(1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.
(2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed. (Constitution Act 1982, Sec. 16.1) - French(1) La communauté linguistique française et la communauté linguistique anglaise du Nouveau-Brunswick ont un statut et des droits et privilèges égaux, notamment le droit à des institutions d’enseignement distinctes et aux institutions culturelles distinctes nécessaires à leur protection et à leur promotion.
(2) Le rôle de la législature et du gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick de protéger et de promouvoir le statut, les droits et les privilèges visés au paragraphe (1) est confirmé. (Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, Sec. 16.1)
Minorities
- English
The independence of the state and the integrity of its territory, dignity of the individual, human rights and freedoms, social justice, constitutional order, pluralism, national identity and national heritage, religious coexistence, as well as the coexistence and understanding of Albanians with minorities are the basis of this state, which has the duty of respecting and protecting them. (Art. 3)
- Albanian
Pavarësia e shtetit dhe tërësia e territorit të tij, dinjiteti i njeriut, të drejtat dhe liritë e tij, drejtësia shoqërore, rendi kushtetues, pluralizmi, identiteti kombëtar dhe trashëgimia kombëtare, bashkëjetesa fetare, si dhe bashkëjetesa dhe mirëkuptimi i shqiptarëve me pakicat janë baza e këtij shteti, i cili ka për detyrë t’i respektojë dhe t'i mbrojë. (Neni 3)
Minorities
- EnglishAll nationalities in the People’s Republic of China are equal. The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony among all of China's nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited.
The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the different minority nationalities.
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy. All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the People's Republic of China.
The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs. (Art. 4) - Chinese中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益,维护和发展各民族的平等团结互助和谐关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫,禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。
国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要,帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。
各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。
各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由,都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。 (第四条)
Minorities
- EnglishNational minorities have the right, in the interests of their culture, to establish self-governing agencies under such conditions and pursuant to such procedure as are provided in the National Minorities Cultural Autonomy Act. (Sec. 50)
- EstonianVähemusrahvustel on õigus luua rahvuskultuuri huvides omavalitsusasutusi vähemusrahvuste kultuurautonoomia seaduses sätestatud tingimustel ja korras. (§ 50)
Minorities
- English
(1) National minorities living in Hungary shall be constituent parts of the State. Every Hungarian citizen belonging to a national minority shall have the right to freely express and preserve his or her identity. National minorities living in Hungary shall have the right to use their mother tongue, to use names in their own languages individually and collectively, to nurture their own cultures, and to receive education in their mother tongues.
(2) National minorities living in Hungary shall have the right to establish their self-government at both local and national level.
(3) The detailed rules relating to the rights of national minorities living in Hungary, the national minorities, the requirements for recognition as a national minority, and the rules for the election of the self-governments of national minorities at local and national level shall be laid down in a cardinal Act. A cardinal Act may provide that recognition as a national minority shall be subject to a certain length of time of presence and to the initiative of a certain number of persons declaring to be members of the national minority concerned. (Freedom and Responsibility, Art. XXIX) - Hungarian
(1) A Magyarországon élő nemzetiségek államalkotó tényezők. Minden, valamely nemzetiséghez tartozó magyar állampolgárnak joga van önazonossága szabad vállalásához és megőrzéséhez. A Magyarországon élő nemzetiségeknek joguk van az anyanyelvhasználathoz, a saját nyelven való egyéni és közösségi névhasználathoz, saját kultúrájuk ápolásához és az anyanyelvű oktatáshoz.
(2) A Magyarországon élő nemzetiségek helyi és országos önkormányzatokat hozhatnak létre.
(3) A Magyarországon élő nemzetiségek jogaira vonatkozó részletes szabályokat, a nemzetiségeket és a nemzetiségként való elismerés feltételeit, valamint a helyi és országos nemzetiségi önkormányzatok megválasztásának szabályait sarkalatos törvény határozza meg. Sarkalatos törvény a nemzetiségként való elismerést meghatározott idejű honossághoz és meghatározott számú, magát az adott nemzetiséghez tartozónak valló személy kezdeményezéséhez kötheti. (Szabadság és Felelősség, XXIX. cikk)
Minorities
- English1. The Republic of Poland shall ensure Polish citizens belonging to national or ethnic minorities the freedom to maintain and develop their own language, to maintain customs and traditions, and to develop their own culture.
2. National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity. (Art. 35) - Polish1. Rzeczpospolita Polska zapewnia obywatelom polskim należącym do mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych wolność zachowania i rozwoju własnego języka, zachowania obyczajów i tradycji oraz rozwoju własnej kultury.
2. Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne mają prawo do tworzenia własnych instytucji edukacyjnych, kulturalnych i instytucji służących ochronie tożsamości religijnej oraz do uczestnictwa w rozstrzyganiu spraw dotyczących ich tożsamości kulturowej. (Art. 35)
Minorities
- EnglishMembers of national minorities shall have the right to participate in administering public affairs and assume public positions, under the same conditions as other citizens.
When taking up employment in state bodies, public services, bodies of autonomous province and local self-government units, the ethnic structure of population and appropriate representation of members of national minorities shall be taken into consideration. (Art. 77) - Serbian CyrillicПрипадници националних мањина имају, под истим условима као остали грађани, право да учествују у управљању јавним пословима и да ступају на јавне функције.
При запошљавању у државним органима, јавним службама, органима аутономне покрајине и јединица локалне самоуправе води се рачуна о националном саставу становништва и одговарајућој заступљености припадника националних мањина. (Члан 77)
Minorities
- English1 The Confederation shall legislate against abuses in tenancy matters, and in particular against unfair rents, as well as on the procedure for challenging unlawfully terminated leases and the limited extension of leases.
2 It may legislate to declare framework leases to be generally applicable. Such leases may be declared generally applicable only if they take appropriate account of the justified interests of minorities and regional particularities, and respect the principle of equality before the law. (Art. 109) - French1 La Confédération légifère afin de lutter contre les abus en matière de bail à loyer, notamment les loyers abusifs, ainsi que sur l’annulabilité des congés abusifs et la prolongation du bail pour une durée déterminée.
2 Elle peut légiférer sur la force obligatoire générale des contrats-cadres de bail. Pour pouvoir être déclarés de force obligatoire générale, ces contrats doivent tenir compte des intérêts légitimes des minorités et des particularités régionales et respecter le principe de l’égalité devant la loi. (Art. 109) - German1 Der Bund erlässt Vorschriften gegen Missbräuche im Mietwesen, namentlich gegen missbräuchliche Mietzinse, sowie über die Anfechtbarkeit missbräuchlicher Kündigungen und die befristete Erstreckung von Mietverhältnissen.
2 Er kann Vorschriften über die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Rahmenmietverträgen erlassen. Solche dürfen nur allgemeinverbindlich erklärt werden, wenn sie begründeten Minderheitsinteressen sowie regionalen Verschiedenheiten angemessen Rechnung tragen und die Rechtsgleichheit nicht beeinträchtigen. (Art. 109) - Italian1 La Confederazione emana prescrizioni contro gli abusi nel settore locativo, in particolare contro le pigioni abusive, nonché sull’impugnabilità di disdette abusive e sulla protrazione temporanea dei rapporti di locazione.
2 Può emanare prescrizioni sul conferimento dell’obbligatorietà generale a contratti quadro di locazione. I contratti quadro possono essere dichiarati di obbligatorietà generale soltanto se tengono adeguatamente conto di legittimi interessi minoritari e delle diversità regionali e non pregiudicano l’uguaglianza giuridica. (Art. 109)