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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right of private ownership shall be inviolate.
… (Art. 72) - IcelandicEignarrétturinn er friðhelgur.
… (72. gr.)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on account of public interest, this right shall include the right to acquire, to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequest or to transfer it otherwise.
2. "Private property", for the purpose of this Article, shall mean any tangible or intangible product which has value and is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances, by communities specifically empowered by law to own property in common.
3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment and the protection against eviction from their possession. The implementation of this provision shall be specified by law.
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by law.
…
7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right of use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law.
… (Art. 40) - Amharic1. ማንኛውም የኢትዮጵያ ዜጋ የግል ንብረት ባለቤት መሆኑ/መሆኗ ይከበርለታል/ ይከበርላታል፡፡ ይህ መብት የሕዝብን ጥቅም ለመጠበቅ በሌላ ሁኔታ በሕግ እስካልተወሰነ ድረስ ንብረት የመያዝና በንብረት የመጠቀም ወይም የሌሎችን ዜጐች መብቶች እስካልተቃረነ ድረስ ንብረትን የመሸጥ የማውረስ ወይም በሌላ መንገድ የማስተላለፍ መብቶችን ያካትታል፡፡
2. ለዚህ አንቀጽ ዓላማ «የግል ንብረት» ማለት ማንኛውም ኢትዮጵያዊ ዜጋ ወይም ሕጋዊ ሰውነት በሕግ የተሰጣቸው ኢትዮጵያዊ ማኅበራት ወይም አግባብ በአላቸው ሁኔታዎች በሕግ በተለየ በጋራ የንብረት ባለቤት እንዲሆኑ የተፈቀደላቸው ማኅበረሰቦች በጉልበታቸው፣ በመፍጠር ችሎታቸው ወይም በካፒታላቸው ያፈሩት ተጨባጭ የሆነና የተጨባጭነት ጠባይ ሳይኖረው ዋጋ ያለው ውጤት ነው፡፡
3. የገጠርም ሆነ የከተማ መሬትና የተፈጥሮ ሀብት ባለቤትነት መብት የመንግሥትና የሕዝብ ብቻ ነው፡፡ መሬት የማይሸጥ የማይለወጥ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔሮች፣ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች የጋራ ንብረት ነው፡፡
4. የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች መሬት በነጻ የማግኘትና ከመሬታቸው ያለመነቀል መብታቸው የተከበረ ነው፡፡ አፈጻጸሙን በተመለከተ ዝርዝር ሕግ ይወጣል፡፡
5. የኢትዮጵያ ዘላኖች ለግጦሽም ሆነ ለእርሻ የሚጠቀሙበት መሬት በነጻ የማግኘት፣የመጠቀምና ከመሬታቸው ያለመፈናቀል መብት አላቸው፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
…
7. ማንም ኢትዮጵያዊ በጉልበቱ፣ ወይም በገንዘቡ በመሬት ላይ ለሚገነባው ቋሚ ንብረት ወይም ለሚያደርገው ቋሚ መሻሻል ሙሉ መብት አለው፡፡ ይህ መብት የመሸጥ፣ የመለወጥ፣ የማውረስ፣ የመሬት ተጠቃሚነቱ ሲቋረጥ ንብረቱን የማንሳት፣ ባለቤትነቱን የማዛወር ወይም የካሳ ክፍያ የመጠየቅ መብትን ያካትታል፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
… (አንቀጽ 40)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe contracts of rural share-farming will be regulated in order to assure the rational exploitation of the land and the equitable distribution of its products between owners and share-farmers [aparceros]. (Art. 69)
- SpanishLos contratos de aparcería rural serán regulados con el fin de asegurar la explotación racional de la tierra y la distribución equitativa de sus productos entre propietarios y aparceros. (Art. 69)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right to succession shall be guaranteed. (Art. 60)
- MontenegrinJemči se pravo nasljeđivanja. (Član 60)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Land in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable, and in accordance with the following principles—
(a) equitable access to land;
(b) security of land rights;
…
(f) elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land; and
(g) encouragement of communities to settle land disputes through recognised local community initiatives consistent with this Constitution.
(2) These principles shall be implemented through a national land policy developed and reviewed regularly by the national government and through legislation. (Art. 60) - Swahili(1) Ardhi nchini Kenya itashikiliwa, kutumiwa na kusimamiwa kwa namna ambayo ni ya usawa, fanisi, yenye tija na endelevu, na kwa kufuata kanuni zifuatazo-
(a) haki sawa ya kupata ardhi;
(b) amana ya haki za ardhi;
…
(f) kuondoa ubaguzi wa kijinsia katika sheria, mila na desturi zinazohusiana na ardhi na mali katika ardhi; na
(g) kuwahimiza jamii kumaliza migogoro ya ardhi kupitia hatua zinazochukuliwa na jamii bila kukiuka Katiba hii.
(2) Kanuni hizi zitatekelezwa kupitia sera ya ardhi ya kitaifa iliyoundwa na kupitiwa mara kwa mara na serikali ya kitaifa na kupitia sheria. (Kifungu cha 60)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishEvery person has the right to dispose freely of his property in accordance with the law. The property is transferable in the form determined by the laws. There will be free making of wills [testamentifacción]. (Art. 22)
- SpanishToda persona tiene derecho a disponer libremente de sus bienes conforme a la ley. La propiedad es transmisible en la forma en que determinen las leyes. Habrá libre testamentifacción. (Art. 22)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishFirst: Private property is protected. The owner shall have the right to benefit, exploit and dispose of private property within the limits of the law.
…
Third:
A. Every Iraqi shall have the right to own property anywhere in Iraq. No others may possess immovable assets, except as exempted by law.
B. Ownership of property for the purposes of demographic change is prohibited. (Art. 23) - Arabicأولاً :ـ الملكية الخاصة مصونةٌ، ويحق للمالك الانتفاع بها واستغلالها والتصرّف بها، في حدود القانون.
...
ثالثاً :ـ
أ ـ للعراقي الحق في التملك في أي مكانٍ في العراق، ولا يجوز لغيره تملك غير المنقول، الا ما استثني بقانون.
ب ـ يحظر التملك لأغراض التغيير السكاني. (المادة 23)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Land and other natural resources shall be utilized and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples living on the territories concerned.
2. Land and other natural resources may be subject to private, State, municipal and other forms of ownership. (Art. 9) - Russian1. Земля и другие природные ресурсы используются и охраняются в Российской Федерации как основа жизни и деятельности народов, проживающих на соответствующей территории.
2. Земля и другие природные ресурсы могут находиться в частной, государственной, муниципальной и иных формах собственности. (Статья 9)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
In addition to the issues that are directed to it by other Articles of the Constitution:
I. The law establishes the rules concerning:
…
11°. the organization of the family, the state and the capacity of persons, the matrimonial regimes, inheritance and gifts;
12°. the juridical regime of property, of real rights,
… (Art. 95) - French
Outre les questions qui lui sont renvoyées par d’autres articles de la Constitution :
I – La loi fixe les règles concernant :
…
11. l’organisation de la famille, l’état et la capacité des personnes, les régimes matrimoniaux, les successions et les libéralités ;
12. le régime juridique de la propriété, des droits réels,
… (Art. 95)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishLandowners must cultivate, work, and protect their land, particularly against erosion. The penalty for failure to fulfill this obligation shall be prescribed by law. (Art. 36-4)
- FrenchLe propriétaire foncier doit cultiver, exploiter le sol et le protéger, notamment contre l'érosion. La sanction de cette obligation est prévue par la loi. (Art. 36.4)