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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
- EnglishThe predominance of large land estates is contrary to the interests of society. Appropriate tax law provisions shall be enacted to tax fallow lands and establish the necessary measures to transform them into productive economic units, likewise recovering arable land. Farmers and other agricultural producers are entitled to own land, in the cases and forms specified under the pertinent law. The State shall protect and promote associative and private forms of property in such manner as to guarantee agricultural production. The State shall see to the sustainable ordering of arable land to guarantee its food producing potential. … (Art. 307)
- SpanishEl régimen latifundista es contrario al interés social. La ley dispondrá lo conducente en materia tributaria para gravar las tierras ociosas y establecerá las medidas necesarias para su transformación en unidades económicas productivas, rescatando igualmente las tierras de vocación agrícola. Los campesinos o campesinas y demás productores o productoras agropecuarios tienen derecho a la propiedad de la tierra, en los casos y formas especificados por la ley respectiva. El Estado protegerá y promoverá las formas asociativas y particulares de propiedad para garantizar la producción agrícola. El Estado velará por la ordenación sustentable de las tierras de vocación agrícola para asegurar su potencial agroalimentario. … (Art. 307)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Malta
- English(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-articles (4), (5) and (7) of this article, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
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(3) In this article, the expression "discriminatory" means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(4) Sub-article (1) of this article shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision –
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(c) with respect to adoption, marriage, dissolution of marriage, burial, devolution of property on death or any matters of personal law not hereinbefore specified;
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Provided that paragraph (c) of this sub-article shall not apply to any law which makes any provision that is discriminatory, either of itself or in its effect by affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective description by sex.
… (Art. 45) - Maltese(1) Bla ħsara għad-disposizzjonijiet tas-subartikoli (4), (5) u (7) ta’ dan l-artikolu, ebda liġi ma għandha tagħmel xi disposizzjoni li tkun diskriminatorja sew fiha nnifisha jew fl-effett tagħha.
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(3) F’dan l-artikolu, il-kelma "diskriminatorju" tfisser għoti ta’ trattament differenti lil persuni differenti attribwibbli għal kollox jew prinċipalment għad-deskrizzjoni tagħhom rispettiva skont ir-razza, post ta’ oriġini, opinjonijiet politiċi, kulur, fidi, sess, orjentazzjoni sesswali jew identità tal-ġeneru li minħabba fihom persuni ta’ deskrizzjoni waħda bħal dawn ikunu suġġetti għal inkapaċitajiet jew restrizzjonijiet li persuni ta’ deskrizzjoni oħra bħal dawn ma jkunux suġġetti għalihom jew ikunu mogħtija privileġġi jew vantaġġi li ma jkunux mogħtija lil persuni ta’ deskrizzjoni oħra bħal dawn.
(4) Is-subartikolu (1) ta’ dan l-artikolu ma għandux jgħodd għal xi liġi safejn dik il-liġi tipprovdi –
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(ċ) dwar adozzjoni, żwieġ, xoljiment ta’ żwieġ, dfin, devoluzzjoni ta’ proprjetà mal-mewt jew xi ħwejjeġ ta’ liġi personali mhux hawn qabel speċifikati;
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Iżda l-paragrafu (ċ) ta’ dan is-subartikolu ma għandux japplika għal xi liġi li tagħmel xi disposizzjoni li tkun diskriminatorja sew fiha nnifisha jew fl-effett tagħha, billi tagħti trattament differenti lil persuni differenti attribwibbli għal kollox jew prinċipalment għad-deskrizzjoni tagħhom skont is-sess.
… (Art. 45)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Zimbabwe
- English(1) The Zimbabwe Land Commission has the following functions—
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(c) to make recommendations to the Government regarding—
(i) the acquisition of private land for public purposes;
(ii) equitable access to and holding and occupation of agricultural land, in particular—
A. the elimination of all forms of unfair discrimination, particularly gender discrimination;
B. the enforcement of any law restricting the amount of agricultural land that may be held by any person or household;
(iii) land usage and the size of agricultural land holdings;
(iv) the simplification of the acquisition and transfer of rights in land;
(v) systems of land tenure; and
(vi) fair compensation payable under any law for agricultural land and improvements that have been compulsorily acquired;
(vii) allocations and alienations of agricultural land;
… (Sec. 297)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Indonesia
- English…
(4) Every person shall have the right to own personal property, and such property may not be unjustly held possession of by any party. (Art. 28H) - Indonesian…
(4) Setiap orang berhak mempunyai hak milik pribadi dan hak milik tersebut tidak boleh diambil alih secara sewenang-wenang oleh siapa pun. (Pasal 28H)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Cambodia
- English…
Khmer citizens of both sexes shall respect public property and legally acquired private property. (Art. 50) - Khmer...
ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរទាំងពីរភេទត្រូវគោរពទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិ សាធារណៈ និងកម្មសិទ្ធិស្របច្បាប់របស់ឯកជន។ (មាត្រា ៥០)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Romania
- English1. The right of property, as well as the debts incurring on the State are guaranteed. The content and limitations of these rights shall be established by law.
(2) Private property shall be equally guaranteed and protected by the law, irrespective of its owner.
... (Art. 44) - Romanian(1) Dreptul de proprietate, precum şi creanţele asupra statului, sunt garantate. Conţinutul şi limitele acestor drepturi sunt stabilite de lege.
(2) Proprietatea privată este garantată şi ocrotită în mod egal de lege, indiferent de titular.
… (Art. 44)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- EnglishI. Everyone has the right to private, individual or collective property, provided that it serves a social function.
II. Private property is guaranteed provided that the use made of it is not harmful to the collective interests.
III. The right to inheritance is guaranteed. (Art. 56) - SpanishI. Toda persona tiene derecho a la propiedad privada individual o colectiva, siempre que ésta cumpla una función social.
II. Se garantiza la propiedad privada siempre que el uso que se haga de ella no sea perjudicial al interés colectivo.
III. Se garantiza el derecho a la sucesión hereditaria. (Art. 56)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Kuwait
- EnglishPrivate ownership is safeguarded. No person shall be prevented from disposing of his property save within the limits of the Law; and no person shall suffer expropriation save for the public benefit in the cases determined and in the manner prescribed by Law provided that he be equitably compensated therefor.
Inheritance is a right governed by Islamic Law. (Art. 18) - Arabicالملكية الخاصة مصونة، فلا يمنع أحد من التصرف في ملكه إلا في حدود القانون، ولا ينزع أحد من ملكه إلا بسبب المنفعة العامة في الأحوال المبينة في القانون، وبالكيفية المنصوص عليها فيه، وبشرط تعويضه عنه تعويضاً عادلاً.
والميراث حق تحكمه الشريعة الإسلامية . (المادّة 18)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Sweden
- EnglishThe property of every individual shall be so guaranteed
... (Instrument of the Government, Chapter 2, Art. 15) - SwedishVars och ens egendom är tryggad
… (Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform, 2 kap, 15§)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Canada
- EnglishIt shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters not coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces; and for greater Certainty, but not so as to restrict the Generality of the foregoing Terms of this Section, it is hereby declared that (notwithstanding anything in this Act) the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to all Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is to say,
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24. Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.
… (Constitution Act 1867, Sec. 91) - FrenchIl sera loisible à la Reine, de l’avis et du consentement du Sénat et de la Chambre des Communes, de faire des lois pour la paix, l’ordre et le bon gouvernement du Canada, relativement à toutes les matières ne tombant pas dans les categories de sujets par la présente loi exclusivement assignés aux législatures des provinces; mais, pour plus de garantie, sans toutefois restreindre la généralité des termes ci-haut employés dans le présent article, il est par la présente déclaré que (nonobstant toute disposition contraire énoncée dans la présente loi) l’autorité legislative exclusive du parlement du Canada s’étend à toutes les matières tombant dans les catégories de sujets ci-dessous énumérés, savoir:
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24. Les Indiens et les terres réservées pour les Indiens.
… (Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, Sec. 91)