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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
Every person has the right:
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15. To work freely, subject to law.
… (Art. 2) - Spanish
Toda persona tiene derecho:
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15. A trabajar libremente, con sujeción a ley.
… (Art. 2)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishLabor in its several forms shall be protected by law, which shall ensure to workers: dignified and equitable working conditions; limited working hours; paid rest and vacations; fair remuneration; minimum vital and adjustable wage; equal pay for equal work; participation in the profits of enterprises, with control of production and collaboration in the management; protection against arbitrary dismissal; …
The State shall grant the benefits of social security, which shall be of an integral nature and may not be waived. In particular, the laws shall establish: compulsory social insurance, which shall be in charge of national or provincial entities with financial and economic autonomy, administered by the interested parties with State participation, with no overlapping of contributions; adjustable retirements and pensions; full family protection; protection of homestead; family allowances and access to a worthy housing. (Sec. 14bis) - SpanishEl trabajo en sus diversas formas gozará de la protección de las leyes, las que asegurarán al trabajador: condiciones dignas y equitativas de labor; jornada limitada; descanso y vacaciones pagados; retribución justa; salario mínimo vital móvil; igual remuneración por igual tarea; participación en las ganancias de las empresas, con control de la producción y colaboración en la dirección; protección contra el despido arbitrario; ...
El Estado otorgará los beneficios de la seguridad social, que tendrá carácter de integral e irrenunciable. En especial, la ley establecerá: el seguro social obligatorio, que estará a cargo de entidades nacionales o provinciales con autonomía financiera y económica, administradas por los interesados con participación del Estado, sin que pueda existir superposición de aportes; jubilaciones y pensiones móviles; la protección integral de la familia; la defensa del bien de familia; la compensación económica familiar y el acceso a una vivienda digna. (Art. 14bis)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishLabor is the most important means of human development and an important source of wealth. (Art. 25)
- DutchArbeid is het belangrijkste middel voor de ontplooiing van de mens en een belangrijke bron van welvaart. (Art. 25)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
The following are rights of urban and rural workers, among others that aim to improve their social conditions:
I – employment protected against arbitrary dismissal or against dismissal without just cause, in accordance with a supplementary law which shall establish severance-pay, among other rights;
II – unemployment insurance, in the event of involuntary unemployment;
III – severance-pay fund;
IV – nationally unified minimum monthly wage, established by law, capable of satisfying their basic living needs and those of their families with housing, food, education, health, leisure, clothing, hygiene, transportation, and social security, with periodical adjustments to maintain its purchasing power, it being forbidden to use it as an index for any purpose;
V – a salary floor in proportion to the extent and complexity of the work;
VI – irreducibility of the wages, except when established in collective agreement or covenant;
VII – guarantee of wages never below the minimum one, for those receiving variable pay;
VIII – year-end one-salary bonus based on the full pay or on the amount of the pension;
IX – payrate for night-shift work higher than that for daytime work;
X – wage protection, as provided by law, with felonious withholding of wages being a crime;
XI – participation in the profits or results, independent of wages, and, exceptionally, participation in the management of the company, as defined by law;
XII – family allowance paid to each dependent of low-income workers, under the terms of the law;
XIII – normal working hours not exceeding eight hours per day and forty-four hours per week, with the option of compensating working hours and reducing the length of the workday through an agreement or a collective bargaining covenant;
XIV – a workday of six hours for work carried out in continuous shifts, unless otherwise established by collective bargaining;
XV – paid weekly leave, preferably on Sundays;
XVI – rate of pay for overtime at least fifty per cent higher than that of normal work;
XVII – annual vacation with remuneration at least one third higher than the normal salary;
XVIII – maternity leave without loss of job and of salary, for a period of one hundred and twenty days;
XIX – paternity leave, under the terms established by law;
XX – protection of the labour market for women through specific incentives, as provided by law;
XXI – advance notice of dismissal in proportion to the length of service, of at least thirty days, as provided by law;
XXII – reduction of employment related risks by means of health, hygiene and safety rules;
XXIII – additional remuneration for strenuous, unhealthy or dangerous work, as established by law;
XXIV – retirement pension;
XXV – free assistance for children and dependents of up to five years of age, in day-care centres and pre-school facilities;
XXVI – recognition of collective bargaining agreements and covenants;
XXVII – protection on account of automation, as established by law;
XXVIII – occupational accident insurance, to be paid for by the employer, without excluding the employer’s liability for indemnity in the event of malice or fault;
XXIX – legal action, with respect to credits arising from employment relationships, with a limitation of five years for urban and rural workers, up to the limit of two years after the end of the employment contract;
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XXX – prohibition of any difference in wages, in the performance of duties and in hiring criteria by reason of sex, age, colour or marital status;
XXXI – prohibition of any discrimination with respect to wages and hiring criteria of handicapped workers;
XXXII – prohibition of any distinction between manual, technical, and intellectual work or among the respective professionals;
XXXIII – prohibition of night, dangerous, or unhealthy work for minors under eighteen years of age, and of any work for minors under sixteen years of age, except as an apprentice, for minors above fourteen years of age;
XXXIV – equal rights for workers with a permanent employment bond and for sporadic workers.
Sole paragraph. The category of domestic workers is ensured of the rights set forth in items IV, VI, VII, VIII, X, XIII, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXVI, XXX, XXXI, and XXXIII, and, observing the conditions established by law and with due regard for simplified compliance with both primary and ancillary tax obligations arising from labour relations and from their peculiarities, also of those rights set forth in items I, II, III, IX, XII, XXV, and XXVIII, as well as of integration in the Social Security system. (Art. 7) - Portuguese
São direitos dos trabalhadores urbanos e rurais, além de outros que visem à melhoria de sua condição social:
I - relação de emprego protegida contra despedida arbitrária ou sem justa causa, nos termos de lei complementar, que preverá indenização compensatória, dentre outros direitos;
II - seguro-desemprego, em caso de desemprego involuntário;
III - fundo de garantia do tempo de serviço;
IV - salário mínimo , fixado em lei, nacionalmente unificado, capaz de atender a suas necessidades vitais básicas e às de sua família com moradia, alimentação, educação, saúde, lazer, vestuário, higiene, transporte e previdência social, com reajustes periódicos que lhe preservem o poder aquisitivo, sendo vedada sua vinculação para qualquer fim;
V - piso salarial proporcional à extensão e à complexidade do trabalho;
VI - irredutibilidade do salário, salvo o disposto em convenção ou acordo coletivo;
VII - garantia de salário, nunca inferior ao mínimo, para os que percebem remuneração variável;
VIII - décimo terceiro salário com base na remuneração integral ou no valor da aposentadoria;
IX – remuneração do trabalho noturno superior à do diurno;
X - proteção do salário na forma da lei, constituindo crime sua retenção dolosa;
XI – participação nos lucros, ou resultados, desvinculada da remuneração, e, excepcionalmente, participação na gestão da empresa, conforme definido em lei;
XII - salário-família pago em razão do dependente do trabalhador de baixa renda nos termos da lei;
XIII - duração do trabalho normal não superior a oito horas diárias e quarenta e quatro semanais, facultada a compensação de horários e a redução da jornada, mediante acordo ou convenção coletiva de trabalho;
XIV - jornada de seis horas para o trabalho realizado em turnos ininterruptos de revezamento, salvo negociação coletiva;
XV - repouso semanal remunerado, preferencialmente aos domingos;
XVI - remuneração do serviço extraordinário superior, no mínimo, em cinqüenta por cento à do normal;
XVII - gozo de férias anuais remuneradas com, pelo menos, um terço a mais do que o salário normal;
XVIII - licença à gestante, sem prejuízo do emprego e do salário, com a duração de cento e vinte dias;
XIX - licença-paternidade, nos termos fixados em lei;
XX - proteção do mercado de trabalho da mulher, mediante incentivos específicos, nos termos da lei;
XXI - aviso prévio proporcional ao tempo de serviço, sendo no mínimo de trinta dias, nos termos da lei;
XXII - redução dos riscos inerentes ao trabalho, por meio de normas de saúde, higiene e segurança;
XXIII - adicional de remuneração para as atividades penosas, insalubres ou perigosas, na forma da lei;
XXIV - aposentadoria;
XXV - assistência gratuita aos filhos e dependentes desde o nascimento até 5 (cinco) anos de idade em creches e pré-escolas;
XXVI - reconhecimento das convenções e acordos coletivos de trabalho;
XXVII - proteção em face da automação, na forma da lei;
XXVIII - seguro contra acidentes de trabalho, a cargo do empregador, sem excluir a indenização a que este está obrigado, quando incorrer em dolo ou culpa;
XXIX - ação, quanto aos créditos resultantes das relações de trabalho, com prazo prescricional de cinco anos para os trabalhadores urbanos e rurais, até o limite de dois anos após a extinção do contrato de trabalho;
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XXX - proibição de diferença de salários, de exercício de funções e de critério de admissão por motivo de sexo, idade, cor ou estado civil;
XXXI - proibição de qualquer discriminação no tocante a salário e critérios de admissão do trabalhador portador de deficiência;
XXXII - proibição de distinção entre trabalho manual, técnico e intelectual ou entre os profissionais respectivos;
XXXIII - proibição de trabalho noturno, perigoso ou insalubre a menores de dezoito e de qualquer trabalho a menores de dezesseis anos, salvo na condição de aprendiz, a partir de quatorze anos;
XXXIV - igualdade de direitos entre o trabalhador com vínculo empregatício permanente e o trabalhador avulso.
Parágrafo único. São assegurados à categoria dos trabalhadores domésticos os direitos previstos nos incisos IV, VI, VII, VIII, X, XIII, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXVI, XXX, XXXI e XXXIII e, atendidas as condições estabelecidas em lei e observada a simplificação do cumprimento das obrigações tributárias, principais e acessórias, decorrentes da relação de trabalho e suas peculiaridades, os previstos nos incisos I, II, III, IX, XII, XXV e XXVIII, bem como a sua integração à previdência social. (Art. 7)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishWork is a social fact and shall enjoy the protection of the State. The law shall make the necessary provisions for improving the material, moral and intellectual conditions of workers. In order to fulfill this duty of the State, the following principles are established:
1. No law shall establish provisions that affect the intactness and progressive nature of labor rights and benefits. In labor relations, reality shall prevail over forms or appearances.
2. Labor rights are unrenounceable; any action, agreement or convention involving a waiver of or encroachment upon these rights is null and void. Concessions and settlements are possible only at the end of the employment relationship, in accordance with the requirements established by law.
3. When there are doubts concerning application or conflicts among several rules, or in the interpretation of a particular rule, that most favorable to the worker shall be applied. The rule applied must be applied in its entirety.
4. Any measure or act on the part of an employer in violation of this Constitution is null and void, and of no effect.
5. All types of discrimination because of political reasons, age, race, creed, sex or any other characteristic is prohibited.
… (Art. 89) - SpanishEl trabajo es un hecho social y gozará de la protección del Estado. La ley dispondrá lo necesario para mejorar las condiciones materiales, morales e intelectuales de los trabajadores y trabajadoras. Para el cumplimiento de esta obligación del Estado se establecen los siguientes principios:
1. Ninguna ley podrá establecer disposiciones que alteren la intangibilidad y progresividad de los derechos y beneficios laborales. En las relaciones laborales prevalece la realidad sobre las formas o apariencias.
2. Los derechos laborales son irrenunciables. Es nula toda acción, acuerdo o convenio que implique renuncia o menoscabo de estos derechos. Sólo es posible la transacción y convenimiento al término de la relación laboral, de conformidad con los requisitos que establezca la ley.
3. Cuando hubiere dudas acerca de la aplicación o concurrencia de varias normas, o en la interpretación de una determinada norma, se aplicará la más favorable al trabajador o trabajadora. La norma adoptada se aplicará en su integridad.
4. Toda medida o acto del patrono o patrona contrario a esta Constitución es nulo y no genera efecto alguno.
5. Se prohíbe todo tipo de discriminación por razones de política, edad, raza, sexo o credo o por cualquier otra condición.
… (Art. 89)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishAll workers have the right to a minimum salary, fixed periodically, for a normal working day, that procures them [a] well-being and [a] dignified existence. The salary will always be equal for equal work in identical conditions of efficiency.
All [matters] relative to the fixing of the minimum salaries will be the responsibility of the technical organ that the law determines. (Art. 57) - SpanishTodo trabajador tendrá derecho a un salario mínimo, de fijación periódica, por jornada normal, que le procure bienestar y existencia digna. El salario será siempre igual para trabajo igual en idénticas condiciones de eficiencia.
Todo lo relativo a fijación de salarios mínimos estará a cargo del organismo técnico que la ley determine. (Art. 57)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishWork is a right and a social duty, as well as an economic right, source of personal fulfillment and the basis for the economy. The State shall guarantee full respect for the dignity of working persons, a decent life, fair pay and retribution, and performance of a healthy job that is freely chosen and accepted. (Art. 33)
- SpanishEl trabajo es un derecho y un deber social, y un derecho económico, fuente de realización personal y base de la economía. El Estado garantizará a las personas trabajadoras el pleno respeto a su dignidad, una vida decorosa, remuneraciones y retribuciones justas y el desempeño de un trabajo saludable y libremente escogido o aceptado. (Art. 33)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe employers are obligated to pay indemnification, and to provide [the] medical, pharmaceutical and other services established by the laws, to the worker who suffers a work accident or any occupational disease. (Art. 43)
- SpanishLos patronos están obligados a pagar indemnización, y a prestar servicios médicos, farmacéuticos y demás que establezcan las leyes, al trabajador que sufra accidente de trabajo o cualquier enfermedad profesional. (Art. 43)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishWomen’s participation in the various management and decision-making processes, whether private, public or state, shall be encouraged and facilitated by laws enacted for that purpose or otherwise. (Art. 29)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEvery person has the right to dignified and socially useful work. To this effect, the creation of jobs [empleos] and the social organization of work shall be promoted, in accordance with the law.
The Congress of the Union, without contravening the following bases[,] must adopt laws concerning work, which will govern:
A. Among the workers, day laborers, domestic servants, artisans and in a general manner any contract of labor:
I. The maximum duration of the workday will be eight hours.
II. The maximum workday for night work will be seven hours. [The following] are prohibited: unhealthful or hazardous work, industrial night work, and any other work after ten [o'clock] at night, for those less than sixteen years [old];
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IV. For each six days of work the worker [operario] must enjoy one day of rest, at the least.
V. Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and [which] signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children;
VI. The minimum wages [salarios] that the workers must receive will be general or professional [profesionales]. The first will govern in the geographic areas that are determined; the second will be applied in specified [determinadas] branches of economic activity or in special professions, occupations [oficios], or special labors [trabajos]. …
The general minimum wages [salarios] must be sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of the head of [a] family of the material, social and cultural order, and to provide for the obligatory education of his children. The minimum professional wages will be established considering, as well, the conditions of the specific [distintas] economic activities.
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VII. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex or nationality into account.
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XV. The employer [patrón] will be obligated to observe, in accordance with the nature of their enterprise, the legal precepts concerning hygiene and safety in the installations of their establishments, and to adopt the measures adequate to prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments, and materials of work, as well as to organize these in such manner, that the greater guarantee for the health and life of the workers results, and of the unborn [producto de la concepción], when it concerns pregnant women. The laws will provide [contendrán], to this effect, the sanctions that proceed in each case;
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B. Between the Powers of the Union and their workers:
I. The maximum work day [jornada diaria] of day and night work will be of eight and seven hours respectively. Those that exceed [it] will be overtime [extraordinarias] and will be paid [at] one hundred percent greater than the remuneration established for ordinary service. In no case may overtime exceed three hours a day or three consecutive times [veces];
II. For each six days of work, a worker will enjoy [disfrutará] one day of rest, at [the] least, with enjoyment [goce] of full wages;
III. The workers will enjoy vacations that will not be less than twenty days a year;
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V. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex into account;
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XI. Social security [seguridad social] will be organized in accordance with the following minimum bases:
a) It will cover occupational [profesionales] accidents and infirmities; the non-occupational infirmities and maternity; and retirement, disability, old age, and death.
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c) Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and that signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children In addition, they will enjoy medical and obstetrical assistance, medicines, aids during lactation, and infant care services.
d) The families of the workers [trabajadores] will have the right to medical assistance and medicines, in those cases and in the proportion that the law determines.
e) Centers for vacations and recuperation, as well as economical stores for [tiendas] the benefit of the workers [trabajadores] and their families, shall be established.
… (Art. 123)4 - SpanishToda persona tiene derecho al trabajo digno y socialmente útil; al efecto, se promoverán la creación de empleos y la organización social de trabajo, conforme a la ley.
El Congreso de la Unión, sin contravenir a las bases siguientes deberá expedir leyes sobre el trabajo, las cuales regirán:
A. Entre los obreros, jornaleros, empleados domésticos, artesanos y de una manera general, todo contrato de trabajo:
I. La duración de la jornada máxima será de ocho horas.
II. La jornada máxima de trabajo nocturno será de 7 horas. Quedan prohibidas: las labores insalubres o peligrosas, el trabajo nocturno industrial y todo otro trabajo después de las diez de la noche, de los menores de dieciséis años;
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IV. Por cada seis días de trabajo deberá disfrutar el operario de un día de descanso, cuando menos.
V. Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un descanso de seis semanas anteriores a la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y seis semanas posteriores al mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno para alimentar a sus hijos;
VI. Los salarios mínimos que deberán disfrutar los trabajadores serán generales o profesionales. Los primeros regirán en las áreas geográficas que se determinen; los segundos se aplicarán en ramas determinadas de la actividad económica o en profesiones, oficios o trabajos especiales. …
Los salarios mínimos generales deberán ser suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades normales de un jefe de familia, en el orden material, social y cultural, y para proveer a la educación obligatoria de los hijos. Los salarios mínimos profesionales se fijarán considerando, además, las condiciones de las distintas actividades económicas.
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VII. Para trabajo igual debe corresponder salario igual, sin tener en cuenta sexo ni nacionalidad;
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XV. El patrón estará obligado a observar, de acuerdo con la naturaleza de su negociación, los preceptos legales sobre higiene y seguridad en las instalaciones de su establecimiento, y a adoptar las medidas adecuadas para prevenir accidentes en el uso de las máquinas, instrumentos y materiales de trabajo, así como a organizar de tal manera éste, que resulte la mayor garantía para la salud y la vida de los trabajadores, y del producto de la concepción, cuando se trate de mujeres embarazadas. Las leyes contendrán, al efecto, las sanciones procedentes en cada caso;
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B. Entre los Poderes de la Unión y sus trabajadores:
I. La jornada diaria máxima de trabajo diurna y nocturna será de ocho y siete horas respectivamente. Las que excedan serán extraordinarias y se pagarán con un ciento por ciento más de la remuneración fijada para el servicio ordinario. En ningún caso el trabajo extraordinario podrá exceder de tres horas diarias ni de tres veces consecutivas;
II. Por cada seis días de trabajo, disfrutará el trabajador de un día de descanso, cuando menos, con goce de salario íntegro;
III. Los trabajadores gozarán de vacaciones que nunca serán menores de veinte días al año;
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V. A trabajo igual corresponderá salario igual, sin tener en cuenta el sexo;
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XI. La seguridad social se organizará conforme a las siguientes bases mínimas:
a) Cubrirá los accidentes y enfermedades profesionales; las enfermedades no profesionales y maternidad; y la jubilación, la invalidez, vejez y muerte.
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c) Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un mes de descanso antes de la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y de otros dos después del mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno, para alimentar a sus hijos. Además, disfrutarán de asistencia médica y obstétrica, de medicinas, de ayudas para la lactancia y del servicio de guarderías infantiles.
d) Los familiares de los trabajadores tendrán derecho a asistencia médica y medicinas, en los casos y en la proporción que determine la ley.
e) Se establecerán centros para vacaciones y para recuperación, así como tiendas económicas para beneficio de los trabajadores y sus familiares.
… (Art. 123)