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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe community shall esteem work as a cornerstone of its development. The community shall provide jobs to the citizens, qualify them for those jobs, and create the suitable conditions for service by enacting legislation protecting the rights of the employees and the interests of the employers in the light of the advanced international labor legislation. (Art. 20)
- Arabicيقدر المجتمع العمل كركن أساسي من أركان تقدمه، ويعمل على توفيره للمواطنين وتأهيلهم له، ويهيئ الظروف الملائمة لذلك بما يضعه من تشريعات تصون حقوق العمال ومصالح أرباب العمل، على ضوء التشريعات العمالية. (المادّة 20)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. Work shall be the right and duty of all.
2. Every worker shall have the right to vocational training, fair pay, rest days, holidays, protection, and workplace health and safety, in accordance with the law.
3. In order to ensure the right to work, the state shall be charged with promoting:
a) The implementation of policies to generate work;
b) Equal opportunities in the choice of profession or type of work and conditions which prevent preclusion or limitation due to any form of discrimination;
c) Academic training and scientific and technological development, as well as vocational development for workers.
4. Dismissal without fair cause shall be illegal and employers shall be obliged to pay just compensation for workers who have been dismissed, under the terms of the law. (Art. 76) - Portuguese1. O trabalho é um direito e um dever de todos.
2. Todo o trabalhador tem direito à formação profissional, justa remuneração, descanso, férias, protecção, higiene e segurança no trabalho, nos termos da lei.
3. Para assegurar o direito ao trabalho, incumbe ao Estado promover:
a) A implementação de políticas de emprego;
b) A igualdade de oportunidades na escolha da profissão ou género de trabalho e condições para que não seja vedado ou limitado por qualquer tipo de discriminação;
c) A formação académica e o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, bem como a valorização profissional dos trabalhadores.
4. O despedimento sem justa causa é ilegal, constituindo-se a entidade empregadora no dever de justa indemnização ao trabalhador despedido, nos termos da lei. (Art. 76)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
The Law determines the fundamental principles:
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- of the right to work [droit du travail], of social security,
… (Art. 100) - French
La loi détermine les principes fondamentaux :
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- du droit du travail, de la sécurité sociale,
... (Art. 100)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEvery person has the right to dignified and socially useful work. To this effect, the creation of jobs [empleos] and the social organization of work shall be promoted, in accordance with the law.
The Congress of the Union, without contravening the following bases[,] must adopt laws concerning work, which will govern:
A. Among the workers, day laborers, domestic servants, artisans and in a general manner any contract of labor:
I. The maximum duration of the workday will be eight hours.
II. The maximum workday for night work will be seven hours. [The following] are prohibited: unhealthful or hazardous work, industrial night work, and any other work after ten [o'clock] at night, for those less than sixteen years [old];
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IV. For each six days of work the worker [operario] must enjoy one day of rest, at the least.
V. Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and [which] signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children;
VI. The minimum wages [salarios] that the workers must receive will be general or professional [profesionales]. The first will govern in the geographic areas that are determined; the second will be applied in specified [determinadas] branches of economic activity or in special professions, occupations [oficios], or special labors [trabajos]. …
The general minimum wages [salarios] must be sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of the head of [a] family of the material, social and cultural order, and to provide for the obligatory education of his children. The minimum professional wages will be established considering, as well, the conditions of the specific [distintas] economic activities.
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VII. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex or nationality into account.
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XV. The employer [patrón] will be obligated to observe, in accordance with the nature of their enterprise, the legal precepts concerning hygiene and safety in the installations of their establishments, and to adopt the measures adequate to prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments, and materials of work, as well as to organize these in such manner, that the greater guarantee for the health and life of the workers results, and of the unborn [producto de la concepción], when it concerns pregnant women. The laws will provide [contendrán], to this effect, the sanctions that proceed in each case;
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B. Between the Powers of the Union and their workers:
I. The maximum work day [jornada diaria] of day and night work will be of eight and seven hours respectively. Those that exceed [it] will be overtime [extraordinarias] and will be paid [at] one hundred percent greater than the remuneration established for ordinary service. In no case may overtime exceed three hours a day or three consecutive times [veces];
II. For each six days of work, a worker will enjoy [disfrutará] one day of rest, at [the] least, with enjoyment [goce] of full wages;
III. The workers will enjoy vacations that will not be less than twenty days a year;
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V. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex into account;
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XI. Social security [seguridad social] will be organized in accordance with the following minimum bases:
a) It will cover occupational [profesionales] accidents and infirmities; the non-occupational infirmities and maternity; and retirement, disability, old age, and death.
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c) Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and that signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children In addition, they will enjoy medical and obstetrical assistance, medicines, aids during lactation, and infant care services.
d) The families of the workers [trabajadores] will have the right to medical assistance and medicines, in those cases and in the proportion that the law determines.
e) Centers for vacations and recuperation, as well as economical stores for [tiendas] the benefit of the workers [trabajadores] and their families, shall be established.
… (Art. 123)4 - SpanishToda persona tiene derecho al trabajo digno y socialmente útil; al efecto, se promoverán la creación de empleos y la organización social de trabajo, conforme a la ley.
El Congreso de la Unión, sin contravenir a las bases siguientes deberá expedir leyes sobre el trabajo, las cuales regirán:
A. Entre los obreros, jornaleros, empleados domésticos, artesanos y de una manera general, todo contrato de trabajo:
I. La duración de la jornada máxima será de ocho horas.
II. La jornada máxima de trabajo nocturno será de 7 horas. Quedan prohibidas: las labores insalubres o peligrosas, el trabajo nocturno industrial y todo otro trabajo después de las diez de la noche, de los menores de dieciséis años;
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IV. Por cada seis días de trabajo deberá disfrutar el operario de un día de descanso, cuando menos.
V. Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un descanso de seis semanas anteriores a la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y seis semanas posteriores al mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno para alimentar a sus hijos;
VI. Los salarios mínimos que deberán disfrutar los trabajadores serán generales o profesionales. Los primeros regirán en las áreas geográficas que se determinen; los segundos se aplicarán en ramas determinadas de la actividad económica o en profesiones, oficios o trabajos especiales. …
Los salarios mínimos generales deberán ser suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades normales de un jefe de familia, en el orden material, social y cultural, y para proveer a la educación obligatoria de los hijos. Los salarios mínimos profesionales se fijarán considerando, además, las condiciones de las distintas actividades económicas.
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VII. Para trabajo igual debe corresponder salario igual, sin tener en cuenta sexo ni nacionalidad;
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XV. El patrón estará obligado a observar, de acuerdo con la naturaleza de su negociación, los preceptos legales sobre higiene y seguridad en las instalaciones de su establecimiento, y a adoptar las medidas adecuadas para prevenir accidentes en el uso de las máquinas, instrumentos y materiales de trabajo, así como a organizar de tal manera éste, que resulte la mayor garantía para la salud y la vida de los trabajadores, y del producto de la concepción, cuando se trate de mujeres embarazadas. Las leyes contendrán, al efecto, las sanciones procedentes en cada caso;
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B. Entre los Poderes de la Unión y sus trabajadores:
I. La jornada diaria máxima de trabajo diurna y nocturna será de ocho y siete horas respectivamente. Las que excedan serán extraordinarias y se pagarán con un ciento por ciento más de la remuneración fijada para el servicio ordinario. En ningún caso el trabajo extraordinario podrá exceder de tres horas diarias ni de tres veces consecutivas;
II. Por cada seis días de trabajo, disfrutará el trabajador de un día de descanso, cuando menos, con goce de salario íntegro;
III. Los trabajadores gozarán de vacaciones que nunca serán menores de veinte días al año;
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V. A trabajo igual corresponderá salario igual, sin tener en cuenta el sexo;
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XI. La seguridad social se organizará conforme a las siguientes bases mínimas:
a) Cubrirá los accidentes y enfermedades profesionales; las enfermedades no profesionales y maternidad; y la jubilación, la invalidez, vejez y muerte.
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c) Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un mes de descanso antes de la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y de otros dos después del mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno, para alimentar a sus hijos. Además, disfrutarán de asistencia médica y obstétrica, de medicinas, de ayudas para la lactancia y del servicio de guarderías infantiles.
d) Los familiares de los trabajadores tendrán derecho a asistencia médica y medicinas, en los casos y en la proporción que determine la ley.
e) Se establecerán centros para vacaciones y para recuperación, así como tiendas económicas para beneficio de los trabajadores y sus familiares.
… (Art. 123)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
Citizens of the Republic of Belarus shall be guaranteed the right to work as the most dignified means of self-assertion, i.e., the right to choose a profession, occupation and work in accordance with one's vocation, abilities, education, vocational training and in accordance with social needs, as well as to healthy and safe working conditions.
The state creates conditions for full employment. If a person is unemployed for reasons beyond his or her control, he or she is guaranteed training in new occupations and further training in accordance with social needs, as well as unemployment benefits in accordance with the law.
… (Art. 41) - Belarusian
Грамадзянам Рэспублікі Беларусь гарантуецца права на працу як найбольш годны спосаб самасцвярджэння чалавека, гэта значыць права на выбар прафесіі, роду заняткаў і работы ў адпаведнасці з прызваннем, здольнасцямі, адукацыяй, прафесійнай падрыхтоўкай і з улікам грамадскіх патрэбнасцей, а таксама на здаровыя і бяспечныя ўмовы працы.
Дзяржава стварае ўмовы для поўнай занятасці насельніцтва. У выпадку незанятасці асобы па не залежных ад яе прычынах ёй гарантуецца навучанне новым спецыяльнасцям і павышэнне кваліфікацыі з улікам грамадскіх патрэбнасцей, а таксама дапамога па беспрацоўі ў адпаведнасці з законам.
… (Артыкул 41) - Russian
Гражданам Республики Беларусь гарантируется право на труд как наиболее достойный способ самоутверждения человека, то есть право на выбор профессии, рода занятий и работы в соответствии с призванием, способностями, образованием, профессиональной подготовкой и с учетом общественных потребностей, а также на здоровые и безопасные условия труда.
Государство создает условия для полной занятости населения. В случае незанятости лица по не зависящим от него причинам ему гарантируется обучение новым специальностям и повышение квалификации с учетом общественных потребностей, а также пособие по безработице в соответствии с законом.
… (Статья 41)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe freedom of enterprise is guaranteed within the framework of the laws and regulations in force. (Art. 13)
- FrenchLa liberté d'entreprise est garantie dans Ie cadre des lois et règlements en vigueur. (Art. 13)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. The State shall within the context of the ideals and objectives for which provisions are made in this Constitution—
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c. protect the right of any citizen to engage in any economic activity without prejudice to the rights of any other person to participate in areas of the economy;
... (Sec. 7)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe rights and guarantees established in this chapter3 shall be considered as minimum benefits for workers. (Art. 79)
- SpanishLos derechos y garantías establecidos en este Capítulo serán considerados como mínimos a favor de los trabajadores. (Art. 79)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English…
(2) Pregnant women are guaranteed special care, protection in labour relations, and suitable work conditions.
… (Charter, Art. 32) - Czech…
(2) Ženě v těhotenství je zaručena zvláštní péče, ochrana v pracovních vztazích a odpovídající pracovní podmínky.
… (Listina, Čl. 32)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
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The State favors the access of the citizens to employment. (Art. 38) - French
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L’Etat favorise l’accès des citoyens à l’emploi. (Art. 38)