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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Employment Rights and Protection
- English...
2. Any law that discriminates against women on the basis of gender or marital status shall be invalid and legislation shall be passed to eliminate customs and practices that discriminate against women, particularly practices such as—
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b. discrimination in work, business and public affairs;
… (Sec. 24)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEvery Israel national or resident has the right to engage in any occupation, profession or trade. (Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994), Sec. 3)
- Hebrewכל אזרח או תושב של המדינה זכאי לעסוק בכל עיסוק, מקצוע או משלח יד. (חוק יסוד: חופש העיסוק (1994), סעיף 3)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishWomen’s participation in the various management and decision-making processes, whether private, public or state, shall be encouraged and facilitated by laws enacted for that purpose or otherwise. (Art. 29)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe employed shall have the right to adequate salary.
The employed shall have the right to limited working hours and paid vacation.
The employed shall have the right to protection at work.
Youth, women and the disabled shall enjoy special protection at work. (Art. 64) - MontenegrinZaposleni imaju pravo na odgovarajuću zaradu.
Zaposleni imaju pravo na ograničeno radno vrijeme i plaćeni odmor.
Zaposleni imaju pravo na zaštitu na radu.
Omladina, žene i invalidi uživaju posebnu zaštitu na radu. (Član 64)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
The Law determines the fundamental principles:
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- of the right to work [droit du travail], of social security,
… (Art. 100) - French
La loi détermine les principes fondamentaux :
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- du droit du travail, de la sécurité sociale,
... (Art. 100)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. All citizens shall have the right to work. The State shall endeavor to promote the employment of workers and to guarantee optimum wages through social and economic means and shall enforce a minimum wage system as prescribed by law.
2. All citizens shall have the duty to work. The State shall prescribe by law the extent and conditions of the duty to work in conformity with democratic principles.
3. Standards of working conditions shall be determined by law in such a way as to guarantee human dignity.
4. Special protection shall be accorded to working women and they shall not be subjected to unjust discrimination in terms of employment, wages and working conditions.
… (Art. 32) - Korean①모든 국민은 근로의 권리를 가진다. 국가는 사회적·경제적 방법으로 근로자의 고용의 증진과 적정임금의 보장에 노력하여야 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 최저임금제를 시행하여야 한다.
②모든 국민은 근로의 의무를 진다. 국가는 근로의 의무의 내용과 조건을 민주주의원칙에 따라 법률로 정한다.
③근로조건의 기준은 인간의 존엄성을 보장하도록 법률로 정한다.
④여자의 근로는 특별한 보호를 받으며, 고용·임금 및 근로조건에 있어서 부당한 차별을 받지 아니한다.
... (제32조)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishEvery person has the right to dignified and socially useful work. To this effect, the creation of jobs [empleos] and the social organization of work shall be promoted, in accordance with the law.
The Congress of the Union, without contravening the following bases[,] must adopt laws concerning work, which will govern:
A. Among the workers, day laborers, domestic servants, artisans and in a general manner any contract of labor:
I. The maximum duration of the workday will be eight hours.
II. The maximum workday for night work will be seven hours. [The following] are prohibited: unhealthful or hazardous work, industrial night work, and any other work after ten [o'clock] at night, for those less than sixteen years [old];
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IV. For each six days of work the worker [operario] must enjoy one day of rest, at the least.
V. Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and [which] signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children;
VI. The minimum wages [salarios] that the workers must receive will be general or professional [profesionales]. The first will govern in the geographic areas that are determined; the second will be applied in specified [determinadas] branches of economic activity or in special professions, occupations [oficios], or special labors [trabajos]. …
The general minimum wages [salarios] must be sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of the head of [a] family of the material, social and cultural order, and to provide for the obligatory education of his children. The minimum professional wages will be established considering, as well, the conditions of the specific [distintas] economic activities.
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VII. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex or nationality into account.
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XV. The employer [patrón] will be obligated to observe, in accordance with the nature of their enterprise, the legal precepts concerning hygiene and safety in the installations of their establishments, and to adopt the measures adequate to prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments, and materials of work, as well as to organize these in such manner, that the greater guarantee for the health and life of the workers results, and of the unborn [producto de la concepción], when it concerns pregnant women. The laws will provide [contendrán], to this effect, the sanctions that proceed in each case;
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B. Between the Powers of the Union and their workers:
I. The maximum work day [jornada diaria] of day and night work will be of eight and seven hours respectively. Those that exceed [it] will be overtime [extraordinarias] and will be paid [at] one hundred percent greater than the remuneration established for ordinary service. In no case may overtime exceed three hours a day or three consecutive times [veces];
II. For each six days of work, a worker will enjoy [disfrutará] one day of rest, at [the] least, with enjoyment [goce] of full wages;
III. The workers will enjoy vacations that will not be less than twenty days a year;
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V. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex into account;
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XI. Social security [seguridad social] will be organized in accordance with the following minimum bases:
a) It will cover occupational [profesionales] accidents and infirmities; the non-occupational infirmities and maternity; and retirement, disability, old age, and death.
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c) Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and that signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children In addition, they will enjoy medical and obstetrical assistance, medicines, aids during lactation, and infant care services.
d) The families of the workers [trabajadores] will have the right to medical assistance and medicines, in those cases and in the proportion that the law determines.
e) Centers for vacations and recuperation, as well as economical stores for [tiendas] the benefit of the workers [trabajadores] and their families, shall be established.
… (Art. 123)4 - SpanishToda persona tiene derecho al trabajo digno y socialmente útil; al efecto, se promoverán la creación de empleos y la organización social de trabajo, conforme a la ley.
El Congreso de la Unión, sin contravenir a las bases siguientes deberá expedir leyes sobre el trabajo, las cuales regirán:
A. Entre los obreros, jornaleros, empleados domésticos, artesanos y de una manera general, todo contrato de trabajo:
I. La duración de la jornada máxima será de ocho horas.
II. La jornada máxima de trabajo nocturno será de 7 horas. Quedan prohibidas: las labores insalubres o peligrosas, el trabajo nocturno industrial y todo otro trabajo después de las diez de la noche, de los menores de dieciséis años;
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IV. Por cada seis días de trabajo deberá disfrutar el operario de un día de descanso, cuando menos.
V. Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un descanso de seis semanas anteriores a la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y seis semanas posteriores al mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno para alimentar a sus hijos;
VI. Los salarios mínimos que deberán disfrutar los trabajadores serán generales o profesionales. Los primeros regirán en las áreas geográficas que se determinen; los segundos se aplicarán en ramas determinadas de la actividad económica o en profesiones, oficios o trabajos especiales. …
Los salarios mínimos generales deberán ser suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades normales de un jefe de familia, en el orden material, social y cultural, y para proveer a la educación obligatoria de los hijos. Los salarios mínimos profesionales se fijarán considerando, además, las condiciones de las distintas actividades económicas.
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VII. Para trabajo igual debe corresponder salario igual, sin tener en cuenta sexo ni nacionalidad;
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XV. El patrón estará obligado a observar, de acuerdo con la naturaleza de su negociación, los preceptos legales sobre higiene y seguridad en las instalaciones de su establecimiento, y a adoptar las medidas adecuadas para prevenir accidentes en el uso de las máquinas, instrumentos y materiales de trabajo, así como a organizar de tal manera éste, que resulte la mayor garantía para la salud y la vida de los trabajadores, y del producto de la concepción, cuando se trate de mujeres embarazadas. Las leyes contendrán, al efecto, las sanciones procedentes en cada caso;
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B. Entre los Poderes de la Unión y sus trabajadores:
I. La jornada diaria máxima de trabajo diurna y nocturna será de ocho y siete horas respectivamente. Las que excedan serán extraordinarias y se pagarán con un ciento por ciento más de la remuneración fijada para el servicio ordinario. En ningún caso el trabajo extraordinario podrá exceder de tres horas diarias ni de tres veces consecutivas;
II. Por cada seis días de trabajo, disfrutará el trabajador de un día de descanso, cuando menos, con goce de salario íntegro;
III. Los trabajadores gozarán de vacaciones que nunca serán menores de veinte días al año;
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V. A trabajo igual corresponderá salario igual, sin tener en cuenta el sexo;
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XI. La seguridad social se organizará conforme a las siguientes bases mínimas:
a) Cubrirá los accidentes y enfermedades profesionales; las enfermedades no profesionales y maternidad; y la jubilación, la invalidez, vejez y muerte.
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c) Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un mes de descanso antes de la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y de otros dos después del mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno, para alimentar a sus hijos. Además, disfrutarán de asistencia médica y obstétrica, de medicinas, de ayudas para la lactancia y del servicio de guarderías infantiles.
d) Los familiares de los trabajadores tendrán derecho a asistencia médica y medicinas, en los casos y en la proporción que determine la ley.
e) Se establecerán centros para vacaciones y para recuperación, así como tiendas económicas para beneficio de los trabajadores y sus familiares.
… (Art. 123)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English…
3. Women have the right to special protection during pregnancy and following childbirth, and working women also have the right to an adequate period of leave from work without loss of remuneration or any privileges.
4. The law shall regulate the attribution to mothers and fathers of rights to an adequate period of leave from work, in accordance with the interests of the child and the needs of the household. (Art. 68) - Portuguese…
3. As mulheres têm direito a especial protecção durante a gravidez e após o parto, tendo as mulheres trabalhadoras ainda direito a dispensa do trabalho por período adequado, sem perda da retribuição ou de quaisquer regalias.
4. A lei regula a atribuição às mães e aos pais de direitos de dispensa de trabalho por período adequado, de acordo com os interesses da criança e as necessidades do agregado familiar. (Art. 68)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. The State shall within the context of the ideals and objectives for which provisions are made in this Constitution—
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c. protect the right of any citizen to engage in any economic activity without prejudice to the rights of any other person to participate in areas of the economy;
... (Sec. 7)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
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(2) Every citizen shall have the following freedoms:
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(f) freedom to practice any profession, carry on any occupation and establish and operate any industry, trade and business in any part of Nepal.
… (Art. 17) - Nepali
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(२) प्रत्येक नागरिकलाई देहायको स्वतन्त्रता हुनेछ ः–
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(च) नेपालको कुनै पनि भागमा पेशा, रोजगार गर्ने र उद्योग, व्यापार तथा व्यवसायको स्थापना र सञ्चालन गर्ने स्वतन्त्रता ।
... (धारा १७)