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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English(1) A right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights shall not be limited except by law, and then only to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, taking into account all relevant factors including—
(a) the nature of the right or fundamental freedom;
(b) the importance of the purpose of the limitation;
(c) the nature and extent of the limitation;
(d) the need to ensure that the enjoyment of rights and fundamental freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and fundamental freedoms of others; and
(e) the relation between the limitation and its purpose and whether there are less restrictive means to achieve the purpose.
(2) Despite clause (1), a provision in legislation limiting a right or fundamental freedom—
(a) in the case of a provision enacted or amended on or after the effective date, is not valid unless the legislation specifically expresses the intention to limit that right or fundamental freedom, and the nature and extent of the limitation;
(b) shall not be construed as limiting the right or fundamental freedom unless the provision is clear and specific about the right or freedom to be limited and the nature and extent of the limitation; and
(c) shall not limit the right or fundamental freedom so far as to derogate from its core or essential content.
(3) The State or a person seeking to justify a particular limitation shall demonstrate to the court, tribunal or other authority that the requirements of this Article have been satisfied.
(4) The provisions of this Chapter on equality shall be qualified to the extent strictly necessary for the application of Muslim law before the Kadhis’ courts, to persons who profess the Muslim religion, in matters relating to personal status, marriage, divorce and inheritance.
… (Art. 24) - Swahili(1) Haki au uhuru wa msingi katika Sheria ya Haki za Binadamu haitakuwa na mpaka isipokuwa kwa sheria, na tena kwa kiwango ambacho mpaka huo una mantiki na unathibitika kwenye jamii ya uwazi na ya kidemokrasia kwa msingi wa utu wa binadamu, usawa na uhuru, kwa kuzingatia mambo yote muhimu ikiwa ni pamoja na—
(a) asili ya uhuru au haki ya msingi;
(b) umuhimu wa madhumuni ya mpaka huo;
(c) asili na kiwango cha mpaka huo;
(d) hitaji la kuhakikisha kuwa unufaikaji wa uhuru wa msingi na haki kwa mtu yeyote hauathiri uhuru wa msingi na haki ya watu wengine; na
(e) uhusiano kati ya mpaka na madhumuni yake na ikiwa kuna njia zenye ugumu kidogo za kufikia kusudi hilo.
(2) Licha ya ibara ya (1), kifungu katika sheria kinachozuia haki au uhuru wa msingi-
(a) ikiwa kuna sheria iliyotungwa au kufanyiwa marekebisho tarehe hiyo au baada ya tarehe ya utekelezaji, si halali isipokuwa sheria hiyo ielezee kwa umahususi kusudi la kuwekea mipaka haki hiyo au uhuru wa msingi na asili na kiwango cha mpaka huo;
(b) haitachukuliwa kuwa inaiwekea mpaka haki au uhuru wa msingi kama sheria hiyo haiko dhahiri na mahususi kuhusu uhuru wa msingi na haki ambayo itawekewa mipaka na asili na kiwango cha mpaka huo; na
(c) haitawekea mipaka haki au uhuru wa msingi hadi kufikia kiwango cha kupunguza kwenye maudhui yake ya msingi au muhimu.
(3) Serikali au mtu anayetafuta kuhalalisha mpaka fulani ataielezea mahakama, baraza au mamlaka nyingineyo kwamba matakwa ya Kifungu hiki yamekamilishwa.
(4) Sheria za Sura hii juu ya usawa zitahalalishwa kwa kiwango ambacho ni lazima kabisa kutumia sharia ya Kiislamu mbele ya mahakama za Kadhi, kwa watu ambao ni waumini wa dini ya Kiisilamu, katika maswala yanayohusu hadhi ya binafsi, ndoa, talaka na urithi.
… (Kifungu cha 24)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English(1) This article applies to any period when -
(a) Guyana is at war; or
(b) there is in force a proclamation (in this article referred to as a "proclamation of emergency") made by the President declaring that a state of public emergency exists for the purposes of this article; or
(c) there is in force a resolution of the National Assembly, in favour of which there were cast the votes of not fewer than two-thirds of all the elected members, declaring that democratic institutions in Guyana are threatened by subversion.
(2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of article 139, 140(2) or 143, any provision of article 144 other than paragraph (4) thereof, or any provision of articles 145 to 149 (inclusive) to the extent that the law in question makes in relation to any period to which this article applies provision, or authorises the doing during any such period of anything, which is reasonably justifiable in the circumstances of any situation arising or existing during that period for the purpose of dealing with that situation.
… (Art. 150)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English
1. The cases in which a state of emergency, as defined by Act of Parliament, may be declared by Royal Decree in order to maintain internal or external security shall be specified by Act of Parliament. The consequences of such a declaration shall be governed by Act of Parliament.
2. Such a declaration may depart from the provisions of the Constitution relating to the powers of the executive bodies of the provinces, municipalities, public bodies as referred to in Article 132a and water authorities (waterschappen), the basic rights laid down in Article 6, insofar as the exercise of the right contained in this Article other than in buildings and enclosed places is concerned, Articles 7, 8, 9 and 12, paragraphs 2 and 3, Article 13 and Article 113, paragraphs 1 and 3.
... (Art. 103) - Dutch
1. De wet bepaalt in welke gevallen ter handhaving van de uit- of inwendige veiligheid bij koninklijk besluit een door de wet als zodanig aan te wijzen uitzonderingstoestand kan worden afgekondigd; zij regelt de gevolgen.
2. Daarbij kan worden afgeweken van de grondwetsbepalingen inzake de bevoegdheden van de besturen van provincies, gemeenten, openbare lichamen als bedoeld in artikel 132a en waterschappen, van de grondrechten geregeld in de artikelen 6, voor zover dit de uitoefening buiten gebouwen en besloten plaatsen van het in dit artikel omschreven recht betreft, 7, 8, 9, 12, tweede en derde lid, en 13, alsmede van artikel 113, eerste en derde lid.
... (Art. 103)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- EnglishWhen the integrity of the National territory is threatened or [in case] that events are produced which obstruct the regular functioning of the constitutional institutions, the King can, after having consulted the Head of Government, the President of the Chamber of Representatives, the President of the Chamber of Councilors, as well as the President of the Constitutional Court, and addressing a message to the Nation, proclaim by Dahir the state of exception. By this act, the King is enabled [habilite] to take the measures that the defense of the territorial integrity imposes and to return, in the least time, to the normal functioning of the constitutional institutions.
The Parliament may not be dissolved during the exercise of exceptional powers.
The fundamental rights and freedoms provided by this Constitution remain guaranteed.
The state of exception is terminated in the same forms as its proclamation, once the conditions which have justified it do not exist. (Art. 59) - Arabicإذا كانت حوزة التّراب الوطني مهدّدة، أو وقع من الأحداث ما يعرقل السير العادي للمؤسّسات الدّستورية، أمكن للملك أن يُعلن حالة الاستثناء بظهير، بعد استشارة كل من رئيس الحكومة، ورئيس مجلس النواب، ورئيس مجلس المستشارين، ورئيس المحكمة الدستورية، وتوجيه خطاب إلى الأمّة. ويُخول الملك بذلك صلاحية اتخاذ الإجراءات التي يفرضها الدفاع عن الوحدة الترابية، ويقتضيها الرجوع، في أقرب الآجال، إلى السير العادي للمؤسسات الدستورية.
لا يحل البرلمان أثناء ممارسة السلطات الاستثنائية.
تبقى الحريات والحقوق الأساسية المنصوص عليها في هذا الدستور مضمونة.
تُرفع حالة الاستثناء بمجرد انتفاء الأسباب التي دعت إليها، وباتخاذ الإجراءات الشكلية المقررة لإعلانها. (الفصل 59)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English1. The statute specifying the scope of limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens in times of martial law and states of emergency shall not limit the freedoms and rights specified in Article 30 (the dignity of the person), Article 34 and Article 36 (citizenship), Article 38 (protection of life), Article 39, Article 40 and Article 41, para.4 (humane treatment), Article 42 (ascription of criminal responsibility), Article 45 (access to a court), Article 47 (personal rights), Article 53 (conscience and religion), Article 63 (petitions), as well as Article 48 and Article 72 (family and children).
2. Limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens only by reason of race, gender, language, faith or lack of it, social origin, ancestry or property shall be prohibited.
3. The statute specifying the scope of limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens during states of natural disasters may limit the freedoms and rights specified in Article 22 (freedom of economic activity), Article 41, paras. 1, 3 and 5 (personal freedom), Article 50 (inviolability of the home), Article 52, para. 1 (freedom of movement and sojourn on the territory of the Republic of Poland), Article 59, para. 3 (the right to strike), Article 64 (the right of ownership), Article 65, para. 1 (freedom to work), Article 66, para. 1 (the right to safe and hygienic conditions of work) as well as Article 66, para. 2 (the right to rest). (Art. 233) - Polish1. Ustawa określająca zakres ograniczeń wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela w czasie stanu wojennego i wyjątkowego nie może ograniczać wolności i praw określonych w art. 30 (godność człowieka), art. 34 i art. 36 (obywatelstwo), art. 38 (ochrona życia), art. 39, art. 40 i art. 41 ust. 4 (humanitarne traktowanie), art. 42 (ponoszenie odpowiedzialności karnej), art. 45 (dostęp do sądu), art. 47 (dobra osobiste), art. 53 (sumienie i religia), art. 63 (petycje) oraz art. 48 i art. 72 (rodzina i dziecko).
2. Niedopuszczalne jest ograniczenie wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela wyłącznie z powodu rasy, płci, języka, wyznania lub jego braku, pochodzenia społecznego, urodzenia oraz majątku.
3. Ustawa określająca zakres ograniczeń wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela w stanie klęski żywiołowej może ograniczać wolności i prawa określone w art. 22 (wolność działalności gospodarczej), art. 41 ust. 1, 3 i 5 (wolność osobista), art. 50 (nienaruszalność mieszkania), art. 52 ust. 1 (wolność poruszania się i pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), art. 59 ust. 3 (prawo do strajku), art. 64 (prawo własności), art. 65 ust. 1 (wolność pracy), art. 66 ust. 1 (prawo do bezpiecznych i higienicznych warunków pracy) oraz art. 66 ust. 2 (prawo do wypoczynku). (Art. 233)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English
The enumeration of the rights established in this Chapter4 does not exclude others that the Constitution guarantees, nor others of analogous nature or that are based on the dignity of man, or on the principles of sovereignty of the people, of the democratic State of law and the republican form of government. (Art. 3)
- Spanish
La enumeración de los derechos establecidos en este capítulo no excluye los demás que la Constitución garantiza, ni otros de naturaleza análoga o que se fundan en la dignidad del hombre, o en los principios de soberanía del pueblo, del Estado democrático de derecho y de la forma republicana de gobierno. (Art. 3)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English…
(2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
… (Art. 13) - Hindi...
(2) राज्य ऐसी कोई विधि नहीं बनाएगा जो इस भाग द्वारा प्रदत्त अधिकारों को छीनती है या न्यून करती है और इस खंड के उल्लंघन में बनाई गई प्रत्येक विधि उल्लंघन की मात्रा तक शून्य होगी।
… (अनुच्छेद 13)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- English
(1) Obligations can only be imposed:
a) by the law or on the basis of a law, within its limits and in the respect of fundamental rights and liberties.
b) by international agreement according to art. 7, paragr. 4, which directly determines the rights and obligations of physical and legal persons, or
c) by directive of the Government according to art. 119, paragr. 2.
(2) Limitation of fundamental rights and freedoms shall be imposed only under the conditions set forth in this Constitution.
(3) Restrictions of constitutional rights and freedoms shall be applied equally and consistently in all similar cases.
(4) When imposing restrictions on constitutional rights and freedoms, respect must be given to the essence and meaning of these rights and freedoms and such restrictions shall be used only for specifically defined purposes. (Art. 13) - Slovak
(1) Povinnosti moţno ukladať
a) zákonom alebo na základe zákona, v jeho medziach a pri zachovaní základných práv a slobôd,
b) medzinárodnou zmluvou podľa čl. 7 ods. 4, ktorá priamo zakladá práva a povinnosti fyzických osôb alebo právnických osôb, alebo
c) nariadením vlády podľa čl. 120 ods. 2.
(2) Medze základných práv a slobôd moţno upraviť za podmienok ustanovených touto ústavou len zákonom.
(3) Zákonné obmedzenia základných práv a slobôd musia platiť rovnako pre všetky prípady, ktoré spĺňajú ustanovené podmienky.
(4) Pri obmedzovaní základných práv a slobôd sa musí dbať na ich podstatu a zmysel.
Takéto obmedzenia sa môţu pouţiť len na ustanovený cieľ. (Čl. 13)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- EnglishWhenever or wherever in terms of this Constitution the limitation of any fundamental rights or freedoms contemplated by this Chapter6 is authorised, any law providing for such limitation shall:
(a) be of general application, shall not negate the essential content thereof, and shall not be aimed at a particular individual;
(b) specify the ascertainable extent of such limitation and identify the Article or Articles hereof on which authority to enact such limitation is claimed to rest. (Art. 22)
Limitations and/or Derogations
- EnglishThe inhabitants of the Republic have the right of protection in the enjoyment of life, honor, liberty, security, labor, and property. No one may be deprived of these rights except in conformity with laws which may be enacted for reasons of general interest. (Art. 7)
- SpanishLos habitantes de la República tienen derecho a ser protegidos en el goce de su vida, honor, libertad, seguridad, trabajo y propiedad. Nadie puede ser privado de estos derechos sino conforme a las leyes que se establecen por razones de interés general. (Art. 7)