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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Minorities
- English(1) An election for the office of President is reserved for a community if no person belonging to that community has held the office of President for any of the 5 most recent terms of office of the President.
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(4) The Legislature may, by law —
(a) provide for the establishment of one or more committees to decide, for the purposes of this Article, whether a person belongs to the Chinese community, the Malay community or the Indian or other minority communities;
...
(6) In this Article —
“community” means —
(a) the Chinese community;
(b) the Malay community; or
(c) the Indian or other minority communities;
“person belonging to the Chinese community” means any person who considers himself to be a member of the Chinese community and who is generally accepted as a member of the Chinese community by that community;
“person belonging to the Malay community” means any person, whether of the Malay race or otherwise, who considers himself to be a member of the Malay community and who is generally accepted as a member of the Malay community by that community;
“person belonging to the Indian or other minority communities” means any person of Indian origin who considers himself to be a member of the Indian community and who is generally accepted as a member of the Indian community by that community, or any person who belongs to any minority community other than the Malay or Indian community;
... (Art. 19B)
Minorities
- English
The state shall ensure to all the full exercise of the cultural rights and access to the sources of national culture and shall support and foster the appreciation and diffusion of cultural expressions.
Paragraph 1. The State shall protect the expressions of popular, Indian and Afro-Brazilian cultures, as well as those of other groups participating in the national civilization process.
… (Art. 215) - Portuguese
O Estado garantirá a todos o pleno exercício dos direitos culturais e acesso às fontes da cultura nacional, e apoiará e incentivará a valorização e a difusão das manifestações culturais.
§ 1º O Estado protegerá as manifestações das culturas populares, indígenas e afro-brasileiras, e das de outros grupos participantes do processo civilizatório nacional.
… (Art. 215)
Minorities
- English1. The Ethnic Council is composed of the Chairperson, Vice Chairpersons and Members. The Chairperson of the Ethnic Council shall be elected by the National Assembly; Vice Chairpersons and Members of the Ethnic Council shall be approved by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.
2. The Ethnic Council shall study and make proposals on ethnic issues to the National Assembly; exercise the power of overseeing the implementation of policies on ethnic groups, programs and plans for socio-economic development in mountainous and ethnic minority areas.
3. The Chairperson of the Ethnic Council may be invited to attend Government meetings to discuss the implementation of policies on ethnic groups. The Government shall consult the Ethnic Council before promulgating regulations on the implementation of policies on ethnic groups.
4. The Ethnic Council has additional tasks and powers similar to those of the Committees of the National Assembly set out in Clause 2, Article 76. (Art. 75) - Vietnamese1. Hội đồng dân tộc gồm Chủ tịch, các Phó Chủ tịch và các Ủy viên. Chủ tịch Hội đồng dân tộc do Quốc hội bầu; các Phó Chủ tịch và các Ủy viên Hội đồng dân tộc do Ủy ban thường vụ Quốc hội phê chuẩn.
2. Hội đồng dân tộc nghiên cứu và kiến nghị với Quốc hội về công tác dân tộc; thực hiện quyền giám sát việc thi hành chính sách dân tộc, chương trình, kế hoạch phát triển kinh tế - xã hội miền núi và vùng đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số.
3. Chủ tịch Hội đồng dân tộc được mời tham dự phiên họp của Chính phủ bàn về việc thực hiện chính sách dân tộc. Khi ban hành quy định thực hiện chính sách dân tộc, Chính phủ phải lấy ý kiến của Hội đồng dân tộc.
4. Hội đồng dân tộc có những nhiệm vụ, quyền hạn khác như Uỷ ban của Quốc hội quy định tại khoản 2 Điều 76. (Điều 75)
Minorities
- English…
The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national state built up jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony have been established among the nationalities and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and also necessary to combat local-national chauvinism. The state does its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all nationalities in the country.
… (Preamble) - Chinese…
中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系已经确立,并将继续加强。在维护民族团结的斗争中,要反对大民族主义,主要是大汉族主义,也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力,促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。
… (序言)
Minorities
- EnglishEveryone has the right to preserve his or her ethnic identity. (Sec. 49)
- EstonianIgaühel on õigus säilitada oma rahvuskuuluvus. (§ 49)
Minorities
- EnglishThe law, in accordance with the Constitution, shall regulate:
…
2) the manner of exercise of the special minority rights;
… (Art. 16) - MontenegrinZakonom se, u skladu sa Ustavom, uređuju:
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2) način ostvarivanja posebnih manjinskih prava;
... (Član 16)
Minorities
- EnglishPersons belonging to national minorities shall be guaranteed equality before the law and equal legal protection.
Any discrimination on the grounds of affiliation to a national minority shall be prohibited.
Specific regulations and provisional measures which the Republic of Serbia may introduce in economic, social, cultural and political life for the purpose of achieving full equality among members of a national minority and citizens who belong to the majority, shall not be considered discrimination if they are aimed at eliminating extremely unfavorable living conditions which particularly affect them. (Art. 76) - Serbian CyrillicПрипадницима националних мањина јемчи се равноправност пред законом и једнака законска заштита.
Забрањена је било каква дискриминација због припадности националној мањини.
Не сматрају се дискриминацијом посебни прописи и привремене мере које Република Србија може увести у економском, социјалном, културном и политичком животу, ради постизања пуне равноправности између припадника националне мањине и грађана који припадају већини, ако су усмерене на уклањање изразито неповољних услова живота који их посебно погађају. (Члан 76)
Minorities
- English...
2 The Cantons shall decide on their official languages. In order to preserve harmony between linguistic communities, the Cantons shall respect the traditional territorial distribution of languages and take account of indigenous linguistic minorities.
… (Art. 70) - French...
2 Les cantons déterminent leurs langues officielles. Afin de préserver l’harmonie entre les communautés linguistiques, ils veillent à la répartition territoriale traditionnelle des langues et prennent en considération les minorités linguistiques autochtones.
… (Art. 70) - German...
2 Die Kantone bestimmen ihre Amtssprachen. Um das Einvernehmen zwischen den Sprachgemeinschaften zu wahren, achten sie auf die herkömmliche sprachliche Zusammensetzung der Gebiete und nehmen Rücksicht auf die angestammten sprachlichen Minderheiten.
… (Art. 70) - Italian…
2 I Cantoni designano le loro lingue ufficiali. Per garantire la pace linguistica rispettano la composizione linguistica tradizionale delle regioni e considerano le minoranze linguistiche autoctone.
… (Art. 70)
Minorities
- English…
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
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(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
(4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.
… (Art. 16) - Hindi...
(2) राज्य के अधीन किसी नियोजन या पद के संबंध में केवल धर्म, मूलवंश, जाति, लिंग, उद्भव, जन्मस्थान, निवास या इनमें से किसी के आधार पर न तो कोई नागरिक अपात्र होगा और न उससे विभेद किया जाएगा।
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(4) इस अनुच्छेद की कोई बात राज्य को पिछड़े हुए नागरिकों के किसी वर्ग के पक्ष में, जिनका प्रतिनिधित्व राज्य की राय में राज्य के अधीन सेवाओं में पर्याप्त नहीं है, नियुक्तियों या पदों के आरक्षण के लिए उपबंध करने से निवारित नहीं करेगी।
(4क) इस अनुच्छेद की कोई बात राज्य को अनुसूचित जातियों और अनुसूचित जनजातियों के पक्ष में, जिनका प्रतिनिधित्व राज्य की राय में राज्य के अधीन सेवाओं में पर्याप्त नहीं है, राज्य के अधीन सेवाओं में किसी वर्ग या वर्गों के पदों पर, पारिणामिक ज्येष्ठता सहित, प्रोन्नति के मामलों में आरक्षण के लिए उपबंध करने से निवारित नहीं करेगी।
… (अनुच्छेद 16)
Minorities
- EnglishThe National Assembly is composed of at least one hundred Deputies on the basis of 60% of Hutu and of 40% of Tutsi, including a minimum of 30% of women, elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years[,] and of three Deputies originating from the Twa ethnicity co-opted in accordance with the electoral code.
... (Art. 169) - KirundiInarna nshingamateka igizwe n’imiburiburi n’abashingamateka ijana barimwo 60 % b’abahutu na 40 % b’abatutsi, bose hamwe harimwo n’imiburiburi abashingamateka b’abakenyezi 30 % batowe n’abanyagihugu bagatorerwa ikiringo c’imyaka itanu harimwo n’abashingamateka batatu b’Abatwa bongeweko nk’uko Ibwirizwa rigenga amatora ribitegekanya.
... (Ingingo ya 169) - FrenchL’Assemblée nationale est composée d’au moins cent députés à raison de 60% de Hutu et de 40% de Tutsi, y compris un minimum de 30% de femmes, élus au suffrage universel direct pour un mandat de cinq ans et de trois députés issus de l’ethnie Twa cooptés conformément au code électoral.
... (Art. 169)