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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
ABOUT 127 RESULTS
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- EnglishI. Individual agrarian property is classified as small, medium and business, according to the surface area, the production, and the development criteria. Its maximum and minimum dimensions, characteristics and forms of conversion shall be regulated by law. Legally acquired rights by individual owners, whose piece of land is inside rural native indigenous territories, are guaranteed.
II. The small property is indivisible; it constitutes a family asset that cannot be attached, and it is not subject to agrarian property taxes. The indivisibility does not affect the right of hereditary succession under conditions established by law.
III. The State recognizes, protects and guarantees communitarian or collective property, which includes rural native indigenous territory, native, intercultural communities and rural communities. Collective property is indivisible, may not be subject to prescription or attachment, is inalienable and irreversible, and it is not subject to agrarian property taxes. Communities can be owners, recognizing the complementary character of collective and individual rights, respecting the territorial unity in common. (Art. 394) - SpanishI. La propiedad agraria individual se clasifica en pequeña, mediana y empresarial, en función a la superficie, a la producción y a los criterios de desarrollo. Sus extensiones máximas y mínimas, características y formas de conversión serán reguladas por la ley. Se garantizan los derechos legalmente adquiridos por propietarios particulares cuyos predios se encuentren ubicados al interior de territorios indígena originario campesinos.
II. La pequeña propiedad es indivisible, constituye patrimonio familiar inembargable, y no está sujeta al pago de impuestos a la propiedad agraria. La indivisibilidad no afecta el derecho a la sucesión hereditaria en las condiciones establecidas por ley.
III. El Estado reconoce, protege y garantiza la propiedad comunitaria o colectiva, que comprende el territorio indígena originario campesino, las comunidades interculturales originarias y de las comunidades campesinas. La propiedad colectiva se declara indivisible, imprescriptible, inembargable, inalienable e irreversible y no está sujeta al pago de impuestos a la propiedad agraria. Las comunidades podrán ser tituladas reconociendo la complementariedad entre derechos colectivos e individuales respetando la unidad territorial con identidad. (Art. 394)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Chile
- EnglishThe Constitution assures to all persons:
…
23. Freedom to acquire ownership over all classes of assets, except those which nature has made common to all men or which should belong to the entire Nation, and that the law so declares. The above is without prejudice to [what is] prescribed in other precepts of this Constitution.
…
24. The right of ownership in its diverse kinds over all classes of corporeal and incorporeal assets.
Only the law can establish the manner [modo] to acquire property and to use, enjoy and dispose of it, and the limitations and obligations which derive from its social function.
… (Art. 19) - SpanishLa Constitución asegura a todas las personas:
...
23º.- La libertad para adquirir el dominio de toda clase de bienes, excepto aquellos que la naturaleza ha hecho comunes a todos los hombres o que deban pertenecer a la Nación toda y la ley lo declare así. Lo anterior es sin perjuicio de lo prescrito en otros preceptos de esta Constitución.
...
24º.- El derecho de propiedad en sus diversas especies sobre toda clase de bienes corporales o incorporales.
Sólo la ley puede establecer el modo de adquirir la propiedad, de usar, gozar y disponer de ella y las limitaciones y obligaciones que deriven de su función social.
... (Art. 19)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Ecuador
- EnglishAncestral, indigenous, Afro-Ecuadorian and coastal back-country (montubios) peoples can establish territorial districts for the preservation of their culture. The law shall regulate their establishment.
Communities (comunas) that have collective land ownership are recognized as an ancestral form of territorial organization. (Art. 60) - SpanishLos pueblos ancestrales, indígenas, afroecuatorianos y montubios podrán constituir circunscripciones territoriales para la preservación de su cultura. La ley regulará su conformación.
Se reconoce a las comunas que tienen propiedad colectiva de la tierra, como una forma ancestral de organización territorial. (Art. 60)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Guyana
- EnglishWE, THE GUYANESE PEOPLE,
… proclaim this Constitution in order to:
…
Celebrate our cultural and racial diversity and strengthen our unity by eliminating any and every form of discrimination;
Value the special place in our nation of the Indigenous Peoples and recognize their right as citizens to land and security and to their promulgation of policies for their communities;
… (Preamble)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Mexico
- EnglishThe ownership of the lands and waters included within the boundaries of the national territory, corresponds originally in the Nation, which has had, and has, the right to transfer the dominion of these to private persons, thereby constituting private property.
…
The capacity to acquire ownership [dominio] of the lands and waters of the Nation, will be governed by the following prescriptions:
I. Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization and Mexican companies have the right to acquire ownership of the lands, waters, and their appendages [accesiones], or to obtain concessions for the exploitation of mines or waters.
…
VII. The juridical personality of the nuclei [núcleos] of ejido and communal population is recognized[,] and their ownership concerning the land used for human settlement as well as for productive activities is protected.
The law shall protect the integrity of the lands of the indigenous groups.
The law, in consideration of the respect for and the strengthening of the communal life of the ejidos and communities, shall protect the land for human settlement and will regulate the exploitation of lands, forests and waters of common use and the provision of actions of support necessary to elevate the standard of living of their inhabitants.
The law, with respect for the will of the ejidatarios and comuneros to adopt the conditions that are most advantageous to them in the exploitation of their productive resources, will regulate the exercise of the rights of the comuneros concerning the land and of each ejidatario over his parcel. Likewise it will establish the procedures through which the ejidatarios and comuneros may associate among themselves, with the State or with third parties and concede [otorgar] the use of their lands; and, concerning the ejidatarios, transmit their parcel rights among the members of the nucleus of inhabitants; equally it will establish the requirements and procedures in accordance with which the assembly of the ejido may grant to the ejidatario ownership of his parcel. In cases of alienation of parcels[,] the right of preference that the law provides for shall be respected.
Within the same nucleus of population, no ejidatario may be a title holder of more land than that equivalent to 5% of the total of the ejido lands. In any case, the titling of lands in favor of a single ejidatario must be adjusted to the limits specified in fraction XV.
… (Art. 27) - SpanishLa propiedad de las tierras y aguas comprendidas dentro de los límites del territorionacional, corresponde originariamente a la Nación, la cual ha tenido y tiene el derecho de transmitir eldominio de ellas a los particulares, constituyendo la propiedad privada.
…
La capacidad para adquirir el dominio de las tierras y aguas de la Nación, se regirá por las siguientes prescripciones:
I. Sólo los mexicanos por nacimiento o por naturalización y las sociedades mexicanas tienen derecho para adquirir el dominio de las tierras, aguas y sus accesiones o para obtenerconcesiones de explotación de minas o aguas.
…
VII. Se reconoce la personalidad jurídica de los núcleos de población ejidales y comunales y se protege su propiedad sobre la tierra, tanto para el asentamiento humano como para actividades productivas.
La ley protegerá la integridad de las tierras de los grupos indígenas.
La ley, considerando el respeto y fortalecimiento de la vida comunitaria de los ejidos y comunidades, protegerá la tierra para el asentamiento humano y regulará el aprovechamiento de tierras, bosques y aguas de uso común y la provisión de acciones de fomento necesarias para elevar el nivel de vida de sus pobladores.
La ley, con respeto a la voluntad de los ejidatarios y comuneros para adoptar las condiciones que más les convengan en el aprovechamiento de sus recursos productivos, regulará el ejercicio de los derechos de los comuneros sobre la tierra y de cada ejidatario sobre su parcela.
Asimismo establecerá los procedimientos por los cuales ejidatarios y comuneros podrán asociarse entre sí, con el Estado o con terceros y otorgar el uso de sus tierras; y, tratándose de ejidatarios, transmitir sus derechos parcelarios entre los miembros del núcleo de población; igualmente fijará los requisitos y procedimientos conforme a los cuales la asamblea ejidal otorgará al ejidatario el dominio sobre su parcela. En caso de enajenación de parcelas se respetará el derecho de preferencia que prevea la ley.
Dentro de un mismo núcleo de población, ningún ejidatario podrá ser titular de más tierra que la equivalente al 5% del total de las tierras ejidales. En todo caso, la titularidad de tierras en favor de un solo ejidatario deberá ajustarse a los límites señalados en la fracción XV.
… (Art. 27)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Panama
- EnglishThe State guarantees to indigenous communities the reservation of necessary lands and collective ownership thereof, to ensure their economic and social well-being. Procedures to be followed for obtaining this purpose, and the definition of boundaries within which private appropriation of land is prohibited, shall be regulated by law. (Art. 127)
- SpanishEl Estado garantizará a las comunidades indígenas la reserva de las tierras necesarias y la propiedad colectiva de las mismas para el logro de su bienestar económico y social. La Ley regulará los procedimientos que deban seguirse para lograr esta finalidad y las delimitaciones correspondientes dentro de las cuales se prohíbe la apropiación privada de tierras. (Art. 127)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
United States of America
- English… No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (Amendment XIV, Sec. 1)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bahamas
- English1. Subject to the provision of paragraph (4), (5) and (9) of this Article no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
3. In this Article, the expression "discriminatory" means affording different treatment to different person attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin political opinions colour or creed whereby person of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which person of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
4. Paragraph (1) of this Article shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision-
…
c. with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;
… (Art. 26)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- EnglishI. The integrity of rural native indigenous territory is recognized, which includes the right to land, to the use and exclusive exploitation of the renewable natural resources under conditions determined by law, to prior and informed consultation, to participation in the benefits of the exploitation of the non-renewable natural resources that are found in their territory, to the authority to apply their own norms, administered by their structures of representation, and to define their development pursuant to their own cultural criteria and principles of harmonious coexistence with nature. The rural native indigenous territories may be composed of communities.
II. The rural native indigenous territory includes areas of production, areas of exploitation and conservation of natural resources, and spaces for social, spiritual and cultural reproduction. The law shall establish the procedure for recognition of these rights. (Art. 403) - SpanishI. Se reconoce la integralidad del territorio indígena originario campesino, que incluye el derecho a la tierra, al uso y aprovechamiento exclusivo de los recursos naturales renovables en las condiciones determinadas por la ley; a la consulta previa e informada y a la participación en los beneficios por la explotación de los recursos naturales no renovables que se encuentran en sus territorios; la facultad de aplicar sus normas propias, administrados por sus estructuras de representación y la definición de su desarrollo de acuerdo a sus criterios culturales y principios de convivencia armónica con la naturaleza. Los territorios indígena originario campesinos podrán estar compuestos por comunidades.
II. El territorio indígena originario campesino comprende áreas de producción, áreas de aprovechamiento y conservación de los recursos naturales y espacios de reproducción social, espiritual y cultural. La ley establecerá el procedimiento para el reconocimiento de estos derechos. (Art. 403)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Costa Rica
- EnglishProperty is inviolable;
… (Art. 45) - SpanishLa propiedad es inviolable;
… (Art. 45)