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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.

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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Palau
  • English
    The national government shall take positive action to attain these national objectives and implement these national policies:
    ... protection of the safety and security of persons and property;
    … (Art. VI)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Tonga
  • English
    All the land is the property of the King and he may at pleasure grant to the nobles and titular chiefs or matabules one or more estates to become their hereditary estates. It is hereby declared by this Constitution that it shall not be lawful for anyone at any time hereafter whether he be the King or any one of the chiefs or the people of this country to sell any land whatever in the Kingdom of Tonga but they may lease it only in accordance with this Constitution and mortgage it in accordance with the Land Act. And this declaration become a covenant binding on the King and chiefs of this Kingdom for themselves and their heirs and successors for ever. (Clause 104)
  • Tongan
    ‘Oku ‘i he Tu‘i ‘a e fonua kotoa pe mo e kelekele mo e ngaahi tofi‘a mo e ngaahi ‘api pea ‘oku ngofua kiate ia ke finangalo ke tuku ki ha hou‘eiki nopele mo ha hou‘eiki ma‘u hingoa pe ha kau matapule ‘oku ne finangalo ki ai ha tofi‘a pe ko ha ngaahi tofi‘a ke hoko ko honau ngaahi tofi‘a ke tukufakaholo. ‘Oku toe fakapapau ‘i he Konisitutone ni ‘e tapu ‘aupito ‘aupito ‘o ta‘engata ki ha toko taha pe ko e Tu‘i pe ko ha taha ‘o e hou‘eiki mo e kakai ‘o e fonua ni ke fakatau ha konga si‘i ‘o e kelekele ‘o e Pule‘anga ‘o Tonga ngata pe ke lisi ‘o hange ‘oku tu‘u ‘i he Konisitutone pea ke mokisi (mortgage) ia ‘o fakatatau ki he Lao ‘o e Kelekele. Pea ‘e hoko ‘a e tohi ni ko e fuakava fakapapau ‘e he Tu‘i mo e hou‘eiki ‘o e Pule‘anga ni koe‘uhi ko kinautolu mo kinautolu ‘e hoko kiate kinautolu ‘o lauikuonga. (Kupu 104)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Fiji
  • English
    …
    (3) A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her—
    (a) actual or supposed personal characteristics or circumstances, including race, culture, ethnic or social origin, colour, place of origin, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, birth, primary language, economic or social or health status, disability, age, religion, conscience, marital status or pregnancy;
    (b) opinions or beliefs, except to the extent that those opinions or beliefs involve harm to others or the diminution of the rights or freedoms of others, or on any other ground prohibited by this Constitution.
    (4) A law or an administrative action taken under a law may not directly or indirectly impose a limitation or restriction on any person on a prohibited ground.
    …
    (8) A law, or an administrative action taken under a law, is not inconsistent with the rights mentioned in this section on the ground that it—
    …
    (e) makes provision with respect to adoption, marriage, devolution of property9 on death, and pension;
    …
    (g) to the extent necessary and without infringing the rights or freedoms set out in any other section of this Chapter, gives effect to the communal ownership of iTaukei, Rotuman and Banaban lands and access to marine resources, or the bestowing of iTaukei, Rotuman and Banaban chiefly title or rank. (Sec. 26)
  • iTaukei
    …
    (3) Na veivakaduiduitaki e vakatabui vakalawa kevaka e yaco vua e dua na tamata ena vuku ni—
    (a) nona ivakarau se kena ituvaki, oka kina na veimatatamata e lewena, nona itovo vakavanua, kawatamata, kuliniyago, na nona yavutu, kevaka e yalewa se tagane, kevaka e tagane, na nona digitaka me vinakata na tagane, kevaka e yalewa, na nona digitaka me vinakata na yalewa, se nona digitaka me vinakata ruarua na yalewa kei na tagane, nomu digitaka se vakaraitaka mo bulataka na bula vakatagane se bula vakayalewa, kevaka e gone susu se sucu ena daku ni vakamau, vosanisucu, ituvaki ni bula se bula vakailavo, vakaleqai vakayago, yabaki ni bula, nomu vakabauta, lewa e loma, vakawati se sega, se kevaka e bukete; se
    (b) nomu vakasama se vakabauta, vakavo kevaka na vakasama se vakabauta qo e vakamavoataka tale e so na tamata se na kena vakalailaitaka na nona dodonu se galala tale e so, se ena dua tale na tikina e vakatabui ena Yavunivakavulewa qo.
    (4) Na lawa se dua na vakatulewa e vakayacori ena dua na lawa ena sega ni rawa ni vakayagataka na yavu e vakamacalataki ena wasetiki (3) me yalana na nona dodonu e dua.
    …
    (8) Na lawa se na vakatulewa e vakayacori ena dua na lawa tabaki, e sega ni veicoqacoqa kei na dodonu e virikotori ena tikina qo kevaka e—
    …
    (e) vakarautaka na veika vakaivola me baleta na gone vakacabecabe, vakamau, dewa na taukeni ni iyau ena vuku ni mate kei na peniseni;
    …
    (g) me yalani ena gauna e gadrevi kina ka me kua ni veicoqacoqa kei na dodonu se na galala e virikotori ena dua na tikina ena Wase qo, e vakatara na kena taukeni vakavanua na kedra qele kei na nodra vakayagataka na iyaubula mai waitui o ira na iTaukei, Rotuma kei na Rabi se na ivakarau ni kena soli na itutu ni veiliutaki ni iTaukei, Rotuma kei na Rabi. (Sec. 26)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Samoa
  • English
    (1) All land in Samoa is customary land, freehold land or public land.
    (2) Customary land means land held from Samoa in accordance with Samoan custom and usage and with the law relating to Samoan custom and usage.
    (3) Freehold land means land held from Samoa for an estate in fee simple.
    … (Art. 101)
  • Samoan
    (1) O eleele uma i Samoa o eleele tau le aganuu, eleele umia saoloto (fanua na faatauina mai), po o eleele tau le Malo.
    (2) O eleele tau le aganuu o lona uiga o eleele e umia mai ia Samoa e talafeagai ai ma aganuu faa-Samoa ma lo latou faaaogaina ma e tusa ai ma le tulafono e uiga i aganuu faa-Samoa ma lo latou faaaogaina.
    (3) O eleele e umia saoloto o lona uiga o eleele e umia mai ia Samoa mo se fanua na faatauina mai.
    … (Mataupu 101)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Tuvalu
  • English

    (1) In this section, discrimination refers to the treatment of different people in different ways wholly or mainly because of their different
    (a) races; or
    (b) places of origin; or
    (c) political opinions; or
    (d) colours; or
    (e) religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or
    (f) disability; or
    (g) sex
    in such a way that one such person is for some such reason given more favourable treatment or less favourable treatment than another such person.
    (2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to —
    (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
    (b) section 29 (Protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.); and
    (c) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
    (d) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
    (e) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
    (f) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies),
    no-one shall be treated in a discriminatory manner.
    (3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a law so far as it makes provision –
    …
    (e) in relation to land;
    … (Sec. 27)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Kiribati
  • English
    1. Where any Banaban possesses any right over or interest in any land in Banaba, such right or interest shall not be affected in any way by reason of the fact that he resides in Rabi Island in Fiji.
    2. Where the Republic has acquired any right over or interest in land in Banaba-
    a. from any Banaban for the purpose of phosphate extraction; or
    b. by operation of law where the Crown had acquired it before Independence Day from any Banaban for that purpose, the Republic shall transfer that right or interest to the Banaban from whom it was acquired (whether by the Republic or the Crown) or to his heirs and successors upon the completion of phosphate extraction from that land.
    3. Where any Banaban possesses any right over or interest in land in Banaba, no such right or interest shall be compulsorily acquired other than a leasehold interest and in accordance with section 8(1) of this Constitution, and then only where the following conditions are satisfied, that is to say-
    a. the Banaba Island Council has been consulted; and
    b. every reasonable effort has been made to acquired the interest by agreement with the person who possesses the right over or interest in the land.
    … (Sec. 119)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Solomon Islands
  • English

    (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (5), (6) and (9) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
    …
    (4) In this section, the expression “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
    (5) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision-
    …
    (c) for the application, in the case of persons of any such description as is mentioned in the preceding subsection (or of persons connected with such persons), of the law with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other like matters that is the personal law applicable to persons of that description;
    …
    (e) with respect to land, the tenure of land, the resumption and acquisition of land and other like purposes;
    … (Sec. 15)7

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Vanuatu
  • English
    Parliament, after consultation with the Malvatumauri Council of Chiefs, shall provide for the implementation of Articles 73, 74 and 75 in a national land law and may make different provision for different categories of land, one of which shall be urban land. (Art. 76)
  • French
    Une loi foncière nationale, votée par le Parlement après consultation du Conseil des Chefs Malvatumauri, met en œuvre les prescriptions des articles 73, 74 et 75. Cette loi peut prévoir des dispositions différentes selon les catégories de terres, l'une d'entre elles étant constituée par la propriété urbaine. (Art. 76)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Palau
  • English
    Every person shall be equal under the law and shall be entitled to equal protection. The government shall take no action to discriminate against any person on the basis of sex, race, place of origin, language, religion or belief, social status or clan affiliation except for the preferential treatment of citizens, for the protection of minors, elderly, indigent, physically or mentally handicapped, and other similar groups, and in matters concerning intestate succession and domestic relations. No person shall be treated unfairly in legislative or executive investigation. (Art. IV, Sec. 5)

Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure

Tonga
  • English
    No person may succeed to any tofi'a or any title until he has attained the age of twenty one years, save for members of the Royal Family who shall be deemed to have attained maturity at eighteen years of age. (Clause 27)
  • Tongan
    ‘E ‘ikai ha taha ‘e ngofua ke hoko ko e ‘ea ki ha tofi‘a pe ha hingoa kae ‘oua kuo kakato hono uofulu mā taha ta‘u, tuku kehe ‘a kinautolu ‘i he fāmili ‘o e Tu‘i ‘a ia kuo pau ke lau kuo nau a‘u ki he ta‘u fakalao ‘i he ta‘u ‘e hongofulu-mā-valu. (Kupu 27)