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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe following are recognized as forms of property:
a. Socialist property of the entire population: in which the State acts as a representative and beneficiary of the people as property owner.
b. Cooperative property: that which is sustained through the collective labor of partner owners and through the effective exercise of the principles of cooperativism.
c. Property of political, social, and mass organizations: ownership that they exercise over their goods designed to fulfill their roles.
d. Private ownership: that which is exercised over specific means of production by natural or legal persons, Cubans or foreigners; with a complementary role in the economy.
e. Mixed property: that which is formed through the combination of two or more forms of ownership.
f. Institutional and associative property: that which these groups exercise over their goods for non-profit purposes.
g. Personal property: that which is exercised over one's belongings that, without constituting means of production, contribute to the satisfaction of the material and spiritual necessities of their owner.
All forms of ownership over means of production interact in similar ways; the State regulates and monitors the way in which they contribute to economic and social development.
The exercise and attainment of these forms of ownership are regulated by the law. (Art. 22) - SpanishSe reconocen como formas de propiedad, las siguientes:
a) socialista de todo el pueblo: en la que el Estado actúa en representación y beneficio de aquel como propietario;
b) cooperativa: la sustentada en el trabajo colectivo de sus socios propietarios y en el ejercicio efectivo de los principios del cooperativismo;
c) de las organizaciones políticas, de masas y sociales: la que ejercen estos sujetos sobre los bienes destinados al cumplimiento de sus fines;
d) privada: la que se ejerce sobre determinados medios de producción por personas naturales o jurídicas cubanas o extranjeras; con un papel complementario en la economía;
e) mixta: la formada por la combinación de dos o más formas de propiedad;
f) de instituciones y formas asociativas: la que ejercen estos sujetos sobre sus bienes para el cumplimiento de fines de carácter no lucrativo;
g) personal: la que se ejerce sobre los bienes que, sin constituir medios de producción, contribuyen a la satisfacción de las necesidades materiales y espirituales de su titular.
Todas las formas de propiedad sobre los medios de producción interactúan en similares condiciones; el Estado regula y controla el modo en que contribuyen al desarrollo económico y social.
La ley regula lo relativo al ejercicio y alcance de las formas de propiedad. (Art. 22)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
...
– Private property shall be protected. No one shall be prohibited from disposing of their property except within the limits of the law, ...
– Inheritance is a guaranteed right, governed by Islamic Sharia.
... (Art. 14) - Arabic
...
– الملكية الخاصة مصونة، فلا يمنع أحد من التصرف في ملكه إلا في حدود القانون، ...
– الميراث حق مكفول، تحكمه الشريعة الإسلامية.
… (المادّة ١٤)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishTongan male subjects by birth of or over the age of 16 years may be granted town allotments and tax allotments out of estates granted in pursuance of this Constitution with the consent of or upon consultation with the estate holder and out of the lands of the Crown, by the Minister of Lands. Such allotments shall be hereditary and shall be of such size and at an annual rent as may be determined by law. A widow shall have the right to succeed according to law, to her deceased husband's tax and town allotments. (Clause 113)
- TonganKo e kakai tangata kuo fa‘ele‘i ko e Tonga ‘oku pe laka hake ‘i he 16 honau ta‘u motu‘a ‘e ngofua ke foaki atu ke nau ma‘u ‘api kolo mo ‘api tukuhau mei he ngaahi tofi‘a kuo foaki ‘o fakatatau mo e Konisitutone ‘i he loto ki ai pe ‘i ha feongoongoi mo e ma‘u tofi‘a pea mei he ngaahi tofi‘a ‘o e Pule‘anga, ‘e he Minisita Fonua. Kuo pau ke tukufakaholo ‘a e ngaahi ‘api koia pea ko e me‘a ki hono lahi mo e lisi fakata‘u kuo pau ke tu‘utu‘uni ki ai ‘a e lao. Kuo pau ke ma‘u ‘e he uitou fakatatau ki he lao ‘a e totonu ke ne ma‘u ‘a e ‘api tukuhau mo e ‘api kolo ‘o hono mali kuo pekia. (Kupu 113)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Community land shall vest in and be held by communities identified on the basis of ethnicity, culture or similar community of interest.
(2) Community land consists of—
(a) land lawfully registered in the name of group representatives under the provisions of any law;
(b) land lawfully transferred to a specific community by any process of law;
(c) any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament; and
(d) land that is—
(i) lawfully held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines;
(ii) ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities; or
(iii) lawfully held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government under Article 62(2).
… (Art. 63) - Swahili(1) Ardhi ya jamii itakabidhiwa na kushikiliwa na jamii zinazotambuliwa kwa msingi wa kabila, utamaduni au jamii yenye maslahi yanayofanana.
(2) Ardhi ya jumuiya inajumuisha—
(a) ardhi iliyosajiliwa kihalali kwa jina la wawakilishi wa kikundi chini ya masharti ya sheria yoyote;
(b) ardhi ambayo umilikiwa wake umehamishwa kihalali kwenda kwa jamii mahususi kwa mchakato wowote wa sheria;
(c) ardhi nyingine yoyote iliyotangazwa kuwa ardhi ya jamii kwa Sheria ya Bunge; na
(d) ardhi ambayo—
(i) inashikiliwa kihalali, inayosimamiwa au kutumiwa na jamii mahususi kama misitu ya jamii, maeneo ya malisho au shughuli za kiimani;
(ii) ardhi za mababu na ardhi ambazo kiutamaduni zilishikiliwa na jamii za wawindaji na waokotaji; au
(iii) imeshikiliwa kisheria na serikali za kaunti kama ardhi ya amana, lakini haijumuishi ardhi yoyote ya umma inayoshikiliwa na serikali ya kaunti chini ya Kifungu cha 62(2).
… (Kifungu cha 63)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right to private property [serving] as a social function is recognized and guaranteed.
… (Art. 103) - SpanishSe reconoce y garantiza el derecho a la propiedad privada en función social.
… (Art. 103)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State shall guarantee the freedom and inviolability of private property. … (Basic Law, Art. 18)
- Arabicتكفل الدولة حرّية الملكيّة الخاصّة وحرمته. ... (النظام الأساسي، المادة 18)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The Parliament legislates within the domains attributed to it by the Constitution, as well as the following domains:
…
2. the general rules concerning personal status and to family law; and notably to marriage, to divorce, to filiation, to capacity and to inheritance;
…
9. the regime of civil obligations, commercial [obligations] and of property;
…
22. the general regime of forests and pasture lands;
…
25. the real estate regime;
…
28. the rules of the transfer of property of the public sector to the private sector;
… (Art. 139) - Arabic
يُشرّع البرلمان في الميادين الّتي يخصّصها له الدّستور، وكذلك في المجالات الآتية:
...
2. القـواعد العامة المتعلّقة بالأحوال الشّخصيّة والأسرة، لا سيما منه ا الزّواج والطّلاق والنسب والأهلية والتّركات،
...
9. نظام الالتزامات المدنيّة والتّجاريّة ونظام الملكيّة
...
22. النّظام العامّ للغابات والأراضي الرّعويّة،
...
25. النّظام العقاريّ
...
28. قواعد نقل الملكيّة من القطاع العامّ إلى القطاع الخاصّ،
... (المادة 139) - French
Le Parlement légifère dans les domaines que lui attribue la Constitution, ainsi que dans les domaines suivants:
…
2)- les règles générales relatives au statut personnel et au droit de la famille ; notamment au mariage, au divorce, à la filiation, à la capacité et aux successions;
...
9)- le régime des obligations civiles, commerciales et de la propriété;
...
22)- le régime général des forêts et des terres pastorales;
...
25)- le régime foncier;
...
28)- les règles de transfert de propriété du secteur public au secteur privé;
... (Art. 139)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Women have the right to full and equal protection by the law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status which includes the right—
a. to be accorded the same rights as men in civil law, including equal capacity—
…
ii. to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status;
…
b. on the dissolution of marriage, howsoever entered into—
i. to a fair disposition of property that is held jointly with a husband;
…
2. Any law that discriminates against women on the basis of gender or marital status shall be invalid and legislation shall be passed to eliminate customs and practices that discriminate against women, particularly practices such as—
…
c. deprivation of property, including property obtained by inheritance. (Sec. 24)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishA special agency to be known as THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN REFORM shall be established to organize the revision of real property structures and to implement an agrarian reform to benefit those who actually work the land. This Institute shall draw up an agrarian policy geared to optimizing productivity by constructing infrastructure aimed at the protection and management of the land. (Art. 248)
- FrenchIl est créé un Organisme Spécial dénommé INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA REFORME AGRAIRE en vue d'organiser la refonte des structures foncières et mettre en oeuvre une réforme agraire au bénéfice des réels exploitants de la terre. Cet Institut élabore une politique agraire axée sur l'optimisation de la productivité au moyen de la mise en place d'infrastructure visant la protection de l'aménagement de la terre. (Art. 248)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State shall take the necessary measures to maintain and develop efficient land cultivation, to prevent its loss through erosion, and to provide land to farmers with insufficient land of their own, or no land. For this purpose, the law may define the size of appropriate land units, according to different agricultural regions and types of farming. Provision of land to farmers with no or insufficient land shall not lead to a fall in production, or to the depletion of forests and other land and underground resources.
Lands distributed for this purpose shall neither be divided nor be transferred to others, except through inheritance, and shall be cultivated only by the farmers to whom the lands have been distributed, and their heirs. In the event of loss of these conditions, the principles relating to the recovery by the State of the land thus distributed shall be prescribed by law. (Art. 44) - TurkishDevlet, toprağın verimli olarak işletilmesini korumak ve geliştirmek, erozyonla kaybedilmesini önlemek ve topraksız olan veya yeter toprağı bulunmayan çiftçilikle uğraşan köylüye toprak sağlamak amacıyla gerekli tedbirleri alır. Kanun, bu amaçla, değişik tarım bölgeleri ve çeşitlerine göre toprağın genişliğini tespit edebilir. Topraksız olan veya yeter toprağı bulunmayan çiftçiye toprak sağlanması, üretimin düşürülmesi, ormanların küçülmesi ve diğer toprak ve yeraltı servetlerinin azalması sonucunu doğuramaz.
Bu amaçla dağıtılan topraklar bölünemez, miras hükümleri dışında başkalarına devredilemez ve ancak dağıtılan çiftçilerle mirasçıları tarafından işletilebilir. Bu şartların kaybı halinde, dağıtılan toprağın Devletçe geri alınmasına ilişkin esaslar kanunla düzenlenir. (Madde 44)