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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on account of public interest, this right shall include the right to acquire, to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequest or to transfer it otherwise.
2. "Private property", for the purpose of this Article, shall mean any tangible or intangible product which has value and is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances, by communities specifically empowered by law to own property in common.
3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment and the protection against eviction from their possession. The implementation of this provision shall be specified by law.
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by law.
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7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right of use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law.
… (Art. 40) - Amharic1. ማንኛውም የኢትዮጵያ ዜጋ የግል ንብረት ባለቤት መሆኑ/መሆኗ ይከበርለታል/ ይከበርላታል፡፡ ይህ መብት የሕዝብን ጥቅም ለመጠበቅ በሌላ ሁኔታ በሕግ እስካልተወሰነ ድረስ ንብረት የመያዝና በንብረት የመጠቀም ወይም የሌሎችን ዜጐች መብቶች እስካልተቃረነ ድረስ ንብረትን የመሸጥ የማውረስ ወይም በሌላ መንገድ የማስተላለፍ መብቶችን ያካትታል፡፡
2. ለዚህ አንቀጽ ዓላማ «የግል ንብረት» ማለት ማንኛውም ኢትዮጵያዊ ዜጋ ወይም ሕጋዊ ሰውነት በሕግ የተሰጣቸው ኢትዮጵያዊ ማኅበራት ወይም አግባብ በአላቸው ሁኔታዎች በሕግ በተለየ በጋራ የንብረት ባለቤት እንዲሆኑ የተፈቀደላቸው ማኅበረሰቦች በጉልበታቸው፣ በመፍጠር ችሎታቸው ወይም በካፒታላቸው ያፈሩት ተጨባጭ የሆነና የተጨባጭነት ጠባይ ሳይኖረው ዋጋ ያለው ውጤት ነው፡፡
3. የገጠርም ሆነ የከተማ መሬትና የተፈጥሮ ሀብት ባለቤትነት መብት የመንግሥትና የሕዝብ ብቻ ነው፡፡ መሬት የማይሸጥ የማይለወጥ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔሮች፣ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች የጋራ ንብረት ነው፡፡
4. የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች መሬት በነጻ የማግኘትና ከመሬታቸው ያለመነቀል መብታቸው የተከበረ ነው፡፡ አፈጻጸሙን በተመለከተ ዝርዝር ሕግ ይወጣል፡፡
5. የኢትዮጵያ ዘላኖች ለግጦሽም ሆነ ለእርሻ የሚጠቀሙበት መሬት በነጻ የማግኘት፣የመጠቀምና ከመሬታቸው ያለመፈናቀል መብት አላቸው፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
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7. ማንም ኢትዮጵያዊ በጉልበቱ፣ ወይም በገንዘቡ በመሬት ላይ ለሚገነባው ቋሚ ንብረት ወይም ለሚያደርገው ቋሚ መሻሻል ሙሉ መብት አለው፡፡ ይህ መብት የመሸጥ፣ የመለወጥ፣ የማውረስ፣ የመሬት ተጠቃሚነቱ ሲቋረጥ ንብረቱን የማንሳት፣ ባለቤትነቱን የማዛወር ወይም የካሳ ክፍያ የመጠየቅ መብትን ያካትታል፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
… (አንቀጽ 40)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
5. Women shall have the right to own property and share in the estates of their deceased husbands together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased. (Art. 16)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishProperty rights shall be guaranteed.
… (Art. 58) - MontenegrinJemči se pravo svojine.
… (Član 58)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7), no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
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(3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by sex, race, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(4) Subsection (1) shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision—
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(c) for the application, in the case of persons of any such description as is mentioned in subsection (3) (or of persons connected with such persons), of the law with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other like matters which is the personal law of persons of that description;
… (Sec. 13)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate ownership, legitimately acquired, is to be respected. The relevant criteria are determined by law. (Art. 47)
- Persianمالکیت شخصی که از راه مشروع باشد محترم است. ضوابط آن را قانون معین میکند. (اصل 47)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. The judicial power of Uganda shall be exercised by the courts of judicature which shall consist of-
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d. such subordinate courts as Parliament may by law establish, including qadhis courts for marriage, divorce, inheritance of property and guardianship, as may be prescribed by Parliament.
… (Art. 129)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
2. In the Russian Federation private, State, municipal and other forms of property shall be recognized and shall be protected on an equal basis. (Art. 8) - Russian…
2. В Российской Федерации признаются и защищаются равным образом частная, государственная, муниципальная и иные формы собственности. (Статья 8)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishProperty shall be safe from violation. No one shall be forbidden from owning property and acquiring it, unless limited by the provisions of law. ... (Art. 40)
- Dariملكیت از تعرض مصؤن است. هیچ شخص از كسب ملكیت و تصرف در آن منع نمی شود، مگر در حدود احكام قانون. ... (مادۀ ۴۰)
- Pashtoملكيت له تيري څخه خوندى دى. هېڅوك د ملكيت د ترلاسه كولو او په هغه كې له تصرف كولو څخه نه منع كېږي، مگر د قانون د احكامو په حدودوكې. (۴۰ ماده)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The State protects the property rights (such as the rights of possession, use, usufruct and disposition) and the inheritance rights of individuals, legal entities and organisations in accordance with the laws.
Lands, minerals, water sources, air, forests, forest products, aquatic and wild animals, and other natural resources are a national heritage, and the State is the centralized and unified representative to manage in accordance with the laws. (Art. 17) - Lao
ລັດປົກປ້ອງສິດກ່ຽວກັບກໍາມະສິດ (ສິດຄອບຄອງ, ສິດນໍາໃຊ້, ສິດໄດ້ຮັບໝາກຜົນ, ສິດຊີ້ຂາດ) ແລະ ສິດສືບທອດຊັບສົມບັດຂອງບຸກຄົນ, ນິຕິບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ການຈັດຕັ້ງ ຕາມກົດໝາຍ .
ທີ່ດິນ, ແຮ່ທາດ, ນໍ້າ, ອາກາດ, ປ່າໄມ້, ເຄື່ອງປ່າຂອງດົງ, ສັດນໍ້າ, ສັດປ່າ,ຊັບພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດອື່ນ ເປັນກໍາມະສິດຂອງວົງຄະນະຍາດແຫ່ງຊາດ, ຊື່ງລັດ ເປັນຕົວແທນ ແລະ ຄຸ້ມຄອງ ຢ່າງລວມສຸນເປັນອະກະພາບ ໃນຂອບເຂດທົ່ວປະເທດ ຕາມກົດໝາຍ. (ມາດຕາ 17) (ປັບປຸງ)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishIn this Constitution—
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“Communal Land” means land set aside under an Act of Parliament and held in accordance with customary law by members of a community under the leadership of a Chief;
… (Sec. 332)