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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Samoa
- EnglishIt shall not be lawful or competent for any person to make any alienation or disposition of customary land or of any interest in customary land, whether by way of sale, mortgage or otherwise howsoever, nor shall customary land or any interest therein be capable of being taken in execution or be assets for the payment of the debts of any person on his decease or insolvency:
PROVIDED THAT an Act of Parliament may authorise:
(a) the granting of a lease or licence of any customary land or of any interest therein;
(b) the taking of any customary land or any interest therein for public purposes. (Art. 102) - SamoanO le a le tusa ai ma le tulafono po o le le mafai e so o se tagata ona faaliliueseina atu po o le aveesea mai ia te ia o eleele tau le aganuu po o se itu e tau atu ai i eleele tau le aganuu, i se auala o le faatau atu, lisi, laisene, mokesi, po o se tasi lava faiga, o le a le mafaia lava se eleele tau le aganuu po o se itu e tau i ai ona avea i le faamaapeina po o le fai ma mea e totogiina ai ni aitalafu a so o se tagata ina ua maliu po o le le mafai ona togia o aitalafu:
VAGANA AI ONA UA FAAPEA, o se Tulafono a le Palemene e mafai ona faatagaina:
(a) le tuuina atu o se lisi po o se laisene o so o se eleele faale-aganuu po o so o se itu e tau atu i ai i lea eleele;
(e) le aveina o so o se eleele faale-aganuu po o le tau i ai i lea eleele mo galuega tau le Malo. (Mataupu 102)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Tunisia
- EnglishThe right to property shall be guaranteed, … (Art. 41)
- Arabicحقّ الملكية مضمون و لا يمكن النيل منه. ... (الفصل 41)
- FrenchLe droit de propriété est garanti, … (Art. 41)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Uruguay
- EnglishThe "family property", its constitution, conservation, enjoyment, and transmission shall be protected by special legislation. (Art. 49)
- SpanishEl "bien de familia", su constitución, conservación, goce y transmisión, serán objeto de una legislación protectora especial. (Art. 49)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Philippines
- EnglishWithin its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over:
…
(4) Personal, family, and property relations;
… (Art. X, Sec. 20) - FilipinoAng batayang batas ng mga rehiyong awtonomus, sa loob ng hurisdiksyong teritoryal nito at sa ilalim ng mga tadhana ng Konstitusyong ito at ng mga batas pambansa, ay dapat magtadhana ng mga kapangyarihang tagapagbatas sa:
…
(4) Mga ugnayang personal, pampamilya at pang-ari-arian;
… (Art. X, Seksyon 20)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Vanuatu
- English1. The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens and holders of dual citizenship who are not indigenous or naturalised citizens, all persons are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health –
…
j. protection for the privacy of the home and other property and from unjust deprivation of property;
… (Art. 5) - French1) Sous réserve des restrictions que la Loi peut imposer aux non-citoyens et aux détenteurs de la double nationalité qui ne sont pas indigènes ou citoyens naturalisés et dans le respect des droits et libertés d'autrui et de l'intérêt public légitime en matière de défense, de sécurité, d'ordre public, de prospérité et de santé, la République de Vanuatu reconnaît que toute personne, sans distinction de race, lieu d'origine, croyances religieuses ou traditionnelles, opinions politiques, langue ou sexe jouit des droits fondamentaux et les libertés individuelles suivants:
...
j) les garanties contre la violation du domicile et des autres biens, et contre l'expropriation injuste du patrimoine;
... (Art. 5)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Zimbabwe
- EnglishIn order to redress the unjust and unfair pattern of land ownership that was brought about by colonialism, and to bring about land reform and the equitable access by all Zimbabweans to the country’s natural resources, policies regarding agricultural land must be guided by the following principles—
(a) land is a finite natural resource that forms part of Zimbabweans’ common heritage;
(b) subject to section 72, every Zimbabwean citizen has a right to acquire, hold, occupy, use, transfer, hypothecate, lease or dispose of agricultural land regardless of his or her race or colour;
(c) the allocation and distribution of agricultural land must be fair and equitable, having regard to gender balance and diverse community interests;
(d) the land tenure system must promote increased productivity and investment by Zimbabweans in agricultural land;
(e) the use of agricultural land should promote food security, good health and nutrition and generate employment, while protecting and conserving the environment for future generations;
(f) no person may be deprived arbitrarily of their right to use and occupy agricultural land. (Sec. 289)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Zimbabwe
- EnglishIn this Constitution—
…
“Communal Land” means land set aside under an Act of Parliament and held in accordance with customary law by members of a community under the leadership of a Chief;
… (Sec. 332)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
China
- EnglishRural collective economic organizations practice the double-tier management system that combines unified and separate operations on the basis of the household-based output- related contracted responsibility system. Various forms of the cooperative economy in rural areas such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers' cooperatives belong to the sector of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.
… (Art. 8) - Chinese农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济,是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者,有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。
… (第八条)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Thailand
- EnglishThe State should take actions relating to land, water resources and energy as follows:
...
3. to provide measures for distribution of landholding in order to thoroughly and fairly allow people to have land for making a living;
4. to provide quality water resources which are sufficient for consumption by the people, including for agriculture, industry and other activities;
... (Sec. 72) - Thaiรัฐพึงดําเนินการเกี่ยวกับที่ดิน ทรัพยากรน้ำ และพลังงานดังต่อไปนี้
…
(๓) จัดให้มีมาตรการกระจายการถือครองที่ดินเพื่อให้ประชาชนสามารถมีที่ทํากินได้อย่างทั่วถึงและเป็นธรรม
(๔) จัดให้มีทรัพยากรน้ําที่มีคุณภาพและเพียงพอต่อการอุปโภคบริโภคของประชาชน รวมทั้งการประกอบเกษตรกรรม อุตสาหกรรม และการอื่น
... (มาตรา ๗๒)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Botswana
- English(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
(3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision-
…
(c) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;
… (Sec. 15)