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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Samoa
- EnglishIt shall not be lawful or competent for any person to make any alienation or disposition of customary land or of any interest in customary land, whether by way of sale, mortgage or otherwise howsoever, nor shall customary land or any interest therein be capable of being taken in execution or be assets for the payment of the debts of any person on his decease or insolvency:
PROVIDED THAT an Act of Parliament may authorise:
(a) the granting of a lease or licence of any customary land or of any interest therein;
(b) the taking of any customary land or any interest therein for public purposes. (Art. 102) - SamoanO le a le tusa ai ma le tulafono po o le le mafai e so o se tagata ona faaliliueseina atu po o le aveesea mai ia te ia o eleele tau le aganuu po o se itu e tau atu ai i eleele tau le aganuu, i se auala o le faatau atu, lisi, laisene, mokesi, po o se tasi lava faiga, o le a le mafaia lava se eleele tau le aganuu po o se itu e tau i ai ona avea i le faamaapeina po o le fai ma mea e totogiina ai ni aitalafu a so o se tagata ina ua maliu po o le le mafai ona togia o aitalafu:
VAGANA AI ONA UA FAAPEA, o se Tulafono a le Palemene e mafai ona faatagaina:
(a) le tuuina atu o se lisi po o se laisene o so o se eleele faale-aganuu po o so o se itu e tau atu i ai i lea eleele;
(e) le aveina o so o se eleele faale-aganuu po o le tau i ai i lea eleele mo galuega tau le Malo. (Mataupu 102)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Colombia
- EnglishThe form of the indigenous territorial entities will be made subject to what the Organic Law of Territorial Ordering provides, and their delimitation will be made by the National Government, with the participation of the representatives of the indigenous communities, after the opinion of the Commission of Territorial Ordering.
The reservations [resguardos] are collective property and non-alienable.
… (Art. 329) - SpanishLa conformación de las entidades territoriales indígenas se hará con sujeción a lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica de Ordenamiento Territorial, y su delimitación se hará por el Gobierno Nacional, con participación de los representantes de las comunidades indígenas, previo concepto de la Comisión de Ordenamiento Territorial. Los resguardos son de propiedad colectiva y no enajenable.
... (Art. 329)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Philippines
- EnglishWithin its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over:
…
(4) Personal, family, and property relations;
… (Art. X, Sec. 20) - FilipinoAng batayang batas ng mga rehiyong awtonomus, sa loob ng hurisdiksyong teritoryal nito at sa ilalim ng mga tadhana ng Konstitusyong ito at ng mga batas pambansa, ay dapat magtadhana ng mga kapangyarihang tagapagbatas sa:
…
(4) Mga ugnayang personal, pampamilya at pang-ari-arian;
… (Art. X, Seksyon 20)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Vanuatu
- English1. The Republic of Vanuatu recognises, that, subject to any restrictions imposed by law on non-citizens and holders of dual citizenship who are not indigenous or naturalised citizens, all persons are entitled to the following fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual without discrimination on the grounds of race, place of origin, religious or traditional beliefs, political opinions, language or sex but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to the legitimate public interest in defence, safety, public order, welfare and health –
…
j. protection for the privacy of the home and other property and from unjust deprivation of property;
… (Art. 5) - French1) Sous réserve des restrictions que la Loi peut imposer aux non-citoyens et aux détenteurs de la double nationalité qui ne sont pas indigènes ou citoyens naturalisés et dans le respect des droits et libertés d'autrui et de l'intérêt public légitime en matière de défense, de sécurité, d'ordre public, de prospérité et de santé, la République de Vanuatu reconnaît que toute personne, sans distinction de race, lieu d'origine, croyances religieuses ou traditionnelles, opinions politiques, langue ou sexe jouit des droits fondamentaux et les libertés individuelles suivants:
...
j) les garanties contre la violation du domicile et des autres biens, et contre l'expropriation injuste du patrimoine;
... (Art. 5)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Kenya
- English...
(4) The provisions of this Chapter12 on equality shall be qualified to the extent strictly necessary for the application of Muslim law before the Kadhis’ courts, to persons who profess the Muslim religion, in matters relating to personal status, marriage, divorce and inheritance.
… (Art. 24) - Swahili...
(4) Vifungu katika Sura hii kwa usawa vitatumika kwa kiwango ambacho ni lazima kabisa kutumia sharia ya Kiislamu mbele ya mahakama za Kadhi, kwa watu ambao ni waumini wa dini ya Kiisilamu, katika maswala yanayohusu hadhi binafsi, ndoa, talaka na urithi.
… (Kifungu cha 24)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Ecuador
- EnglishThe State shall guarantee equal rights and equal opportunity to men and women in access to property and decision-making in the management of their common marital estate. (Art. 324)
- SpanishEl Estado garantizará la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades de mujeres y hombres en el acceso a la propiedad y en la toma de decisiones para la administración de la sociedad conyugal. (Art. 324)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
El Salvador
- EnglishThe State recognizes, encourages and guarantees the right to private property over rustic land [tierra rústica], whether it is individual, cooperative, communal or in any other associative form, and it may not by any concept reduce the maximum extent [extensión] of land [that is] established by this Constitution as a right of property.
The maximum extent of rustic land belonging to the same natural or juridical person may not exceed two hundred and forty-five hectares. This limitation will not be applicable to cooperative or communal peasant associations.
The owners of land to whom the second paragraph of this Article refers, may freely transfer, alienate [enajenarla], split [partirla], divide or rent the land. The land that is property of the cooperative associations, peasant communities and beneficiaries of the Agrarian Reform will be subject to a special regime.
The owners of rustic lands having an extent of more than two hundred and fortyfive hectares, will have the right to immediately determine the part of the land [that] they wish to conserve, segregating [it] and registering [it] separately in the corresponding Register of Real Estate and Mortgages [Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas].
The rustic real property [inmuebles rústicos], which exceeds the limits established by this Constitution and that is found in common ownership [proindivisión], may be the object of partition among its co-owners.
The lands which exceed the extent established by this Constitution may be transferred under any title to peasants, farmers, cooperative corporations [sociedades] and associations and [to] peasant communities. The transfer referred to by this paragraph, must be realized within a period of three years. A special law will determine the allocation of the lands which have not been transferred, at the end of the previously established period.
In no case may the exceeding lands referred to in the prior paragraph be transferred under any title to relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity or [the] second degree of affinity.
… (Art. 105) - SpanishEl Estado reconoce, fomenta y garantiza el derecho de propiedad privada sobre la tierra rústica, ya sea individual, cooperativa, comunal o en cualquier otra forma asociativa, y no podrá por ningún concepto reducir la extensión máxima de tierra que como derecho de propiedad establece esta Constitución.
La extensión máxima de tierra rústica perteneciente a una misma persona natural o jurídica no podrá exceder de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas. Esta limitación no será aplicable a las asociaciones cooperativas o comunales campesinas.
Los propietarios de tierras a que se refiere el inciso segundo de este artículo, podrán transferirla, enajenarla, partirla, dividirla o arrendarla libremente. La tierra propiedad de las asociaciones cooperativas, comunales campesinas y beneficiarios de la Reforma Agraria estará sujeta a un régimen especial.
Los propietarios de tierras rústicas cuya extensión sea mayor de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas, tendrán derecho a determinar de inmediato la parte de la tierra que deseen conservar, segregándola e inscribiéndola por separado en el correspondiente Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas.
Los inmuebles rústicos que excedan el límite establecido por esta Constitución y se encuentren en proindivisión, podrán ser objeto de partición entre los copropietarios.
Las tierras que excedan la extensión establecida por esta Constitución podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a campesinos, agricultores en pequeño, sociedades y asociaciones cooperativas y comunales campesinas. La transferencia a que se refiere este inciso, deberá realizarse dentro de un plazo de tres años. Una ley especial determinará el destino de las tierras que no hayan sido transferidas, al finalizar el período anteriormente establecido.
En ningún caso las tierras excedentes a que se refiere el inciso anterior podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a parientes dentro del cuarto grado de consanguinidad o segundo de afinidad.
… (Art. 105)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Thailand
- EnglishThe State should take actions relating to land, water resources and energy as follows:
...
3. to provide measures for distribution of landholding in order to thoroughly and fairly allow people to have land for making a living;
4. to provide quality water resources which are sufficient for consumption by the people, including for agriculture, industry and other activities;
... (Sec. 72) - Thaiรัฐพึงดําเนินการเกี่ยวกับที่ดิน ทรัพยากรน้ำ และพลังงานดังต่อไปนี้
…
(๓) จัดให้มีมาตรการกระจายการถือครองที่ดินเพื่อให้ประชาชนสามารถมีที่ทํากินได้อย่างทั่วถึงและเป็นธรรม
(๔) จัดให้มีทรัพยากรน้ําที่มีคุณภาพและเพียงพอต่อการอุปโภคบริโภคของประชาชน รวมทั้งการประกอบเกษตรกรรม อุตสาหกรรม และการอื่น
... (มาตรา ๗๒)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Botswana
- EnglishWhereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely-
...
(c) protection for the privacy of his or her home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,
... (Sec. 3)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Malawi
- English1. Every person shall be able to acquire property alone or in association with others.
… (Sec. 28)