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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The beneficiaries of distribution of rural land through agrarian reform shall receive title-deeds or concession of use which may not be transacted for a period of ten years.
Sole paragraph. The title-deed and the concession of use shall be granted to the man or the woman, or to both, irrespective of their marital status, according to the terms and conditions set forth by law. (Art. 189) - Portuguese
Os beneficiários da distribuição de imóveis rurais pela reforma agrária receberão títulos de domínio ou de concessão de uso, inegociáveis pelo prazo de dez anos.
Parágrafo único. O título de domínio e a concessão de uso serão conferidos ao homem ou à mulher, ou a ambos, independentemente do estado civil, nos termos e condições previstos em lei. (Art. 189)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all areas within such region and the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas within the district except those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district shall have power to make laws with respect to—
(a) the allotment, occupation or use, or the setting apart, of land, other than any land which is a reserved forest for the purposes of agriculture or grazing or for residential or other non-agricultural purposes or for any other purpose likely to promote the interests of the inhabitants of any village or town:
…
(h) the inheritance of property;
… (Sixth Schedule: Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, Art. 3) - Hindi(1) स्वशासी प्रदेश की प्रादेशिक परिषद को ऐसे प्रदेश के भीतर के सभी क्षेत्रों के संबंध में और स्वशासी जिले की जिला परिषद को ऐसे क्षेत्रों को छोड़कर जो उस जिले के भीतर की प्रादेशिक परिषदों के, यदि कोई हों, प्राधिकार के अधीन हैं, उस जिले के भीतर के अन्य सभी क्षेत्रों के संबंध में निम्नलिखित विषयों के लिए विधि बनाने की शक्ति होगी—
(क) किसी आरक्षित वन की भूमि से भिन्न अन्य भूमि का, कृषि या चराई के प्रयोजनों के लिए अथवा निवास के या कृषि से भिन्न अन्य प्रयोजनों के लिए अथवा किसी ऐसे अन्य प्रयोजन के लिए जिससे किसी ग्राम या नगर के निवासियों के हितों की अभिवृद्धि संभाव्य है, आबंटन, अधिभोग या उपयोग अथवा अलग रखा जाना:
…
(ज) संपत्ति की विरासत;
… (छठी अनुसूची: असम, मेघालय, त्रिपुरा और मिजोरम में जनजातीय क्षेत्रों के प्रशासन के संबंध में प्रावधान, अनुच्छेद 3)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. The objectives of the agricultural policy shall be:
…
b) To promote the improvement of the economic, social and cultural situation of rural workers and farmers, the development of the rural world, the rationalisation of the structure of land ownership, the modernisation of the business fabric, and the access by those that work the land to ownership or possession of the land itself and of the other means of production that they directly employ thereon;
… (Art. 93) - Portuguese1. São objectivos da política agrícola:
…
b) Promover a melhoria da situação económica, social e cultural dos trabalhadores rurais e dos agricultores, o desenvolvimento do mundo rural, a racionalização das estruturas fundiárias, a modernização do tecido empresarial e o acesso à propriedade ou à posse da terra e demais meios de produção directamente utilizados na sua exploração por parte daqueles que a trabalham;
… (Art. 93)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
(4) The Cadi Court shall only have jurisdiction to apply the Sharia in matters of marriage, divorce and inheritance where the parties or other persons interested are Muslims.
… (Sec. 137)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate property over land is regulated by a special framework.
Leasing, sharecropping, and mortgage loans to individuals are prohibited.
The onerous trading or transmission of this good may only be realized in compliance with the requirements established by the law, and without prejudice to the preferential right of the State to the acquisition of land through the payment of a just price.
Non-onerous transfer of ownership or of rights of use and enjoyment of this property is carried out with prior authorization of the competent authority and in accordance with that which is prescribed in the law. (Art. 29) - SpanishLa propiedad privada sobre la tierra se regula por un régimen especial.
Se prohíbe el arrendamiento, la aparcería y los préstamos hipotecarios a particulares.
La compraventa u otra trasmisión onerosa de este bien solo podrá realizarse previo cumplimiento de los requisitos que establece la ley y sin perjuicio del derecho preferente del Estado a su adquisición mediante el pago de su justo precio.
Los actos traslativos de dominio no onerosos o de derechos de uso y disfrute sobre este bien se realizan previa autorización de la autoridad competente y de conformidad con lo establecido en la ley. (Art. 29)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate property is property owned and consumed by individual citizens.
Private property is derived from socialist distribution according to work done and from supplementary benefits granted by the State and society.
The products of individual sideline activities including those from kitchen gardens, as well as income from other legal economic activities shall also be private property.
The State shall protect private property and guarantee by law the right to inherit it. (Art. 24) - Korean개인소유는 공민들의 개인적이며 소비적인 목적을 위한 소유이다.
개인소유는 로동에 의한 사회주의분배와 국가와 사회의 추가적혜택으로 이루어진다.
터밭경리를 비롯한 개인부업경리에서 나오는 생산물과 그밖의 합법적인 경리활동을 통하여 얻은 수입도 개인소유에 속한다.
국가는 개인소유를 보호하며 그에 대한 상속권을 법적으로 보장한다. (제24조)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
(1) Everyone has the right to own property. The ownership right of all owners has the same legal content and protection.
… (Art. 20) - Slovak
(1) Kaţdý má právo vlastniť majetok. Vlastnícke právo všetkých vlastníkov má rovnaký zákonný obsah a ochranu.
... (Čl. 20)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate land consists of —
(a) registered land held by any person under any freehold tenure;
(b) land held by any person under leasehold tenure; and
(c) any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament. (Art. 64) - SwahiliArdhi yenye umiliki binafsi inajumuisha -
(a) ardhi iliyosajiliwa ambayo inamilikiwa na mtu yeyote chini ya umiliki wowote chini ya muda usiokuwa na kikomo;
(b) ardhi inayomilikiwa na mtu yeyote chini ya umiliki wa kukodisha; na
(c) ardhi nyingine yoyote iliyotangazwa kuwa ni ya umiliki binafsi chini ya Sheria ya Bunge. (Kifungu cha 64)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State recognizes, encourages and guarantees the right to private property over rustic land [tierra rústica], whether it is individual, cooperative, communal or in any other associative form, and it may not by any concept reduce the maximum extent [extensión] of land [that is] established by this Constitution as a right of property.
The maximum extent of rustic land belonging to the same natural or juridical person may not exceed two hundred and forty-five hectares. This limitation will not be applicable to cooperative or communal peasant associations.
The owners of land to whom the second paragraph of this Article refers, may freely transfer, alienate [enajenarla], split [partirla], divide or rent the land. The land that is property of the cooperative associations, peasant communities and beneficiaries of the Agrarian Reform will be subject to a special regime.
The owners of rustic lands having an extent of more than two hundred and fortyfive hectares, will have the right to immediately determine the part of the land [that] they wish to conserve, segregating [it] and registering [it] separately in the corresponding Register of Real Estate and Mortgages [Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas].
The rustic real property [inmuebles rústicos], which exceeds the limits established by this Constitution and that is found in common ownership [proindivisión], may be the object of partition among its co-owners.
The lands which exceed the extent established by this Constitution may be transferred under any title to peasants, farmers, cooperative corporations [sociedades] and associations and [to] peasant communities. The transfer referred to by this paragraph, must be realized within a period of three years. A special law will determine the allocation of the lands which have not been transferred, at the end of the previously established period.
In no case may the exceeding lands referred to in the prior paragraph be transferred under any title to relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity or [the] second degree of affinity.
… (Art. 105) - SpanishEl Estado reconoce, fomenta y garantiza el derecho de propiedad privada sobre la tierra rústica, ya sea individual, cooperativa, comunal o en cualquier otra forma asociativa, y no podrá por ningún concepto reducir la extensión máxima de tierra que como derecho de propiedad establece esta Constitución.
La extensión máxima de tierra rústica perteneciente a una misma persona natural o jurídica no podrá exceder de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas. Esta limitación no será aplicable a las asociaciones cooperativas o comunales campesinas.
Los propietarios de tierras a que se refiere el inciso segundo de este artículo, podrán transferirla, enajenarla, partirla, dividirla o arrendarla libremente. La tierra propiedad de las asociaciones cooperativas, comunales campesinas y beneficiarios de la Reforma Agraria estará sujeta a un régimen especial.
Los propietarios de tierras rústicas cuya extensión sea mayor de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas, tendrán derecho a determinar de inmediato la parte de la tierra que deseen conservar, segregándola e inscribiéndola por separado en el correspondiente Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas.
Los inmuebles rústicos que excedan el límite establecido por esta Constitución y se encuentren en proindivisión, podrán ser objeto de partición entre los copropietarios.
Las tierras que excedan la extensión establecida por esta Constitución podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a campesinos, agricultores en pequeño, sociedades y asociaciones cooperativas y comunales campesinas. La transferencia a que se refiere este inciso, deberá realizarse dentro de un plazo de tres años. Una ley especial determinará el destino de las tierras que no hayan sido transferidas, al finalizar el período anteriormente establecido.
En ningún caso las tierras excedentes a que se refiere el inciso anterior podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a parientes dentro del cuarto grado de consanguinidad o segundo de afinidad.
… (Art. 105)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
4. Civil and criminal law and procedure and the administration of justice, including—
(a) constitution and organization of all courts other than Syariah Courts;
(b) jurisdiction and powers of all such courts;
(c) remuneration and other privileges of the judges and officers presiding over such courts;
(d) persons entitled to practise before such courts; (e) subject to paragraph (ii), the following:
(i) contract; partnership, agency and other special contracts; master and servant; inns and inn-keepers; actionable wrongs; property and its transfer and hypothecation, except land; bona vacantia; equity and trusts; marriage, divorce and legitimacy; married women’s property and status; interpretation of federal law; negotiable instruments; statutory declarations; arbitration; mercantile law; registration of businesses and business names; age of majority; infants and minors; adoption; succession, testate and intestate; probate and letters of administration; bankruptcy and insolvency; oaths and affirmations; limitation; reciprocal enforcement of judgments and orders; the law of evidence;
(ii) the matters mentioned in paragraph (i) do not include Islamic personal law relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy, family law, gifts or succession, testate and intestate;
… (Ninth Schedule, Legislative Lists, List I—Federal List, [Articles 74, 77]) - Malay…
4. Undang-undang dan tatacara sivil dan jenayah dan pentadbiran keadilan, termasuk—
(a) Keanggotaan dan susunan semua mahkamah selain Mahkamah Syariah;
(b) Bidang kuasa dan kuasa semua mahkamah itu;
(c) Saraan dan keistemewaan lain hakim dan pegawai yang mengetuai mahkamah itu;
(d) Orang yang berhak menjalankan amalan di hadapan mahkamah itu;
(e) Tertakluk kepada perenggan (ii), perkara yang berikut:
(i) Kontrak; perkongsian, agensi dan kontrak khas yang lain; majikan dan perkhidmat; rumah inapan dan tuan rumah inapan; perbuatan salah boleh dakwa; harta dan pindah hakmiliknya serta hipotekasinya, kecuali tanah; bona vacantia; ekuiti dan amanah; perkahwinan, perceraian dan kesahtarafan; harta dan taraf perempuan bersuami; pentafsiran undang-undang persekutuan; surat cara boleh niaga; akuan berkanun; timbang tara; undang-undang persaudagaran; pendaftaran perniagaan dan nama perniagaan; umur dewasa; budak-budak dan orang belum dewasa; pengangkutan; pewarisan, berwasiat dan tidak berwasiat; probet dan surat kuasa mentadbir; kebankrapan dan ketidakmampuan bayar; sumpah dan ikrar; batasan; penguatkuasaan bersaling penghakiman dan perintah; undang-undang keterangan;
(ii) perkara yang disebut dalam perenggan (i) tidak termasuk undang-undang diri Islam yang berhubungan dengan perkahwinan, perceraian, penjagaan, nafkah, pengangkatan, kesahtarafan, undang-undang keluarga, alang atau pewarisan, berwasiat dan tidak berwasiat;
… (Jadual Kesembilan,Senarai Perundangan, Senarai I—Senarai Persekutuan, [Perkara 74, 77])