SEARCH DATABASE
The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate land consists of —
(a) registered land held by any person under any freehold tenure;
(b) land held by any person under leasehold tenure; and
(c) any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament. (Art. 64) - SwahiliArdhi yenye umiliki binafsi inajumuisha -
(a) ardhi iliyosajiliwa ambayo inamilikiwa na mtu yeyote chini ya umiliki wowote chini ya muda usiokuwa na kikomo;
(b) ardhi inayomilikiwa na mtu yeyote chini ya umiliki wa kukodisha; na
(c) ardhi nyingine yoyote iliyotangazwa kuwa ni ya umiliki binafsi chini ya Sheria ya Bunge. (Kifungu cha 64)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State recognizes, encourages and guarantees the right to private property over rustic land [tierra rústica], whether it is individual, cooperative, communal or in any other associative form, and it may not by any concept reduce the maximum extent [extensión] of land [that is] established by this Constitution as a right of property.
The maximum extent of rustic land belonging to the same natural or juridical person may not exceed two hundred and forty-five hectares. This limitation will not be applicable to cooperative or communal peasant associations.
The owners of land to whom the second paragraph of this Article refers, may freely transfer, alienate [enajenarla], split [partirla], divide or rent the land. The land that is property of the cooperative associations, peasant communities and beneficiaries of the Agrarian Reform will be subject to a special regime.
The owners of rustic lands having an extent of more than two hundred and fortyfive hectares, will have the right to immediately determine the part of the land [that] they wish to conserve, segregating [it] and registering [it] separately in the corresponding Register of Real Estate and Mortgages [Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas].
The rustic real property [inmuebles rústicos], which exceeds the limits established by this Constitution and that is found in common ownership [proindivisión], may be the object of partition among its co-owners.
The lands which exceed the extent established by this Constitution may be transferred under any title to peasants, farmers, cooperative corporations [sociedades] and associations and [to] peasant communities. The transfer referred to by this paragraph, must be realized within a period of three years. A special law will determine the allocation of the lands which have not been transferred, at the end of the previously established period.
In no case may the exceeding lands referred to in the prior paragraph be transferred under any title to relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity or [the] second degree of affinity.
… (Art. 105) - SpanishEl Estado reconoce, fomenta y garantiza el derecho de propiedad privada sobre la tierra rústica, ya sea individual, cooperativa, comunal o en cualquier otra forma asociativa, y no podrá por ningún concepto reducir la extensión máxima de tierra que como derecho de propiedad establece esta Constitución.
La extensión máxima de tierra rústica perteneciente a una misma persona natural o jurídica no podrá exceder de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas. Esta limitación no será aplicable a las asociaciones cooperativas o comunales campesinas.
Los propietarios de tierras a que se refiere el inciso segundo de este artículo, podrán transferirla, enajenarla, partirla, dividirla o arrendarla libremente. La tierra propiedad de las asociaciones cooperativas, comunales campesinas y beneficiarios de la Reforma Agraria estará sujeta a un régimen especial.
Los propietarios de tierras rústicas cuya extensión sea mayor de doscientas cuarenta y cinco hectáreas, tendrán derecho a determinar de inmediato la parte de la tierra que deseen conservar, segregándola e inscribiéndola por separado en el correspondiente Registro de la Propiedad Raíz e Hipotecas.
Los inmuebles rústicos que excedan el límite establecido por esta Constitución y se encuentren en proindivisión, podrán ser objeto de partición entre los copropietarios.
Las tierras que excedan la extensión establecida por esta Constitución podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a campesinos, agricultores en pequeño, sociedades y asociaciones cooperativas y comunales campesinas. La transferencia a que se refiere este inciso, deberá realizarse dentro de un plazo de tres años. Una ley especial determinará el destino de las tierras que no hayan sido transferidas, al finalizar el período anteriormente establecido.
En ningún caso las tierras excedentes a que se refiere el inciso anterior podrán ser transferidas a cualquier título a parientes dentro del cuarto grado de consanguinidad o segundo de afinidad.
… (Art. 105)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing. (Art. XIII, Sec. 4)
- FilipinoDapat magsagawa ang Estado, sa pamamagitan ng batas, ng programa sa repormang pansakahan na nakasalig sa karapatan ng mga magsasaka at mga regular na manggagawa sa bukid, na mga walang lupa, na tuwiran o sama-samang magmay-ari ng mga lupang kanilang sinasaka o, sa kalagayan ng iba pang mga manggagawa sa bukid, tumanggap ng karampatang kaparte sa mga bunga niyon. Tungo sa layuning ito, dapat magpasigla at magsagawa ang Estado ng makatwirang pamamahagi ng lahat ng mga lupang pansakahan, na sasailalim sa mga priority at makatwirang mapapanatiling mga sukat na maaaring itakda ng Kongreso, na nagsasaalang-alang sa mga konsiderasyong pang-ekolohiya, pangkaunlaran, o pagkamatarungan, at batay sa pagbabayad ng makatwirang kabayaran. Dapat igalang ng Estado ang mga karapatan ng mga maliliit na may-ari ng lupa sa pagtatakda ng mga limitasyon sa retensyon. Dapat ding maglaan ang Estado ng mga insentibo para sa boluntaryong pagbabahagi ng lupa. (Art. XIII, Seksyon 4)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Parliament by enactment shall formalise the recognition of appropriate customary institutions or procedures to resolve land ownership or any disputes over custom land.
2. Parliament may recognise an institution as a customary institution by enactment for the purposes of subarticle (1).
... (Art. 78) - French1) Le Parlement formalise par la Loi la reconnaissance d’une institution coutumière compétente ou d’une procédure pertinente pour résoudre la question de propriété foncière ou tout litige lié aux terres coutumières.
2) Le Parlement peut, par la loi, reconnaître une institution coutumière aux fins du paragraphe 1).
... (Art. 78)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Every person shall be able to acquire property alone or in association with others.
… (Sec. 28)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe law determines the minimum and maximum area of basic farm units. (Art. 248-1)
- FrenchLa Loi détermine la superficie minimale et maximale des unités de base des exploitations agricoles. (Art. 248.1)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe State should take actions relating to land, water resources and energy as follows:
...
3. to provide measures for distribution of landholding in order to thoroughly and fairly allow people to have land for making a living;
4. to provide quality water resources which are sufficient for consumption by the people, including for agriculture, industry and other activities;
... (Sec. 72) - Thaiรัฐพึงดําเนินการเกี่ยวกับที่ดิน ทรัพยากรน้ำ และพลังงานดังต่อไปนี้
…
(๓) จัดให้มีมาตรการกระจายการถือครองที่ดินเพื่อให้ประชาชนสามารถมีที่ทํากินได้อย่างทั่วถึงและเป็นธรรม
(๔) จัดให้มีทรัพยากรน้ําที่มีคุณภาพและเพียงพอต่อการอุปโภคบริโภคของประชาชน รวมทั้งการประกอบเกษตรกรรม อุตสาหกรรม และการอื่น
... (มาตรา ๗๒)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishWhereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely-
...
(c) protection for the privacy of his or her home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,
... (Sec. 3)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) All persons shall have the right in any part of Namibia to acquire, own and dispose of all forms of immovable and movable property individually or in association with others and to bequeath their property prohibit or regulate as it deems expedient the right to acquire property by persons who are not Namibian citizens.
… (Art. 16)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The Agrarian Reform will eliminate the idle latifundios [large estates] and will be made by priority with lands of the State. When the expropriation of idle latifundios affects private owners [proprietarios], it will be fulfilled within that stipulated in Article 44 of this Constitution. The Agrarian Reform shall eliminate any form of exploitation of the peasants, and of the indigenous communities of the country and shall promote forms of ownership compatible with the economic and social objectives of the Nation, established in this Constitution. The regime of ownership of the indigenous communities will be regulated in accordance with the law on the matter. (Art. 107)
- Spanish
La Reforma agraria eliminará el latifundio ocioso y se hará prioritariamente con tierras del Estado. Cuando la expropiación de latifundios ociosos afecte a propietarios privados se hará cumpliendo con lo estipulado en el artículo 44 de esta Constitución. La Reforma agraria eliminará cualquier forma de explotación a los campesinos, a las comunidades indígenas del país y promoverá las formas de propiedad compatibles con los objetivos económicos y sociales de la nación, establecidos en esta Constitución. El régimen de propiedad de las tierras de las comunidades indígenas se regulará de acuerdo a la ley de la materia. (Art. 107)