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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Poland
- English1. Everyone shall have the right to ownership, other property rights and the right of succession.
2. Everyone, on an equal basis, shall receive legal protection regarding ownership, other property rights and the right of succession.
... (Art. 64) - Polish1. Każdy ma prawo do własności, innych praw majątkowych oraz prawo dziedziczenia.
2. Własność, inne prawa majątkowe oraz prawo dziedziczenia podlegają równej dla wszystkich ochronie prawnej.
… (Art. 64)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Gambia
- English…
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5), no law shall make any provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
(4) In this section, the expression "discrimination" means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject, or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply to any law in so far as that law makes provision—
…
(c) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;
… (Sec. 33)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Cuba
- EnglishThe following are recognized as forms of property:
a. Socialist property of the entire population: in which the State acts as a representative and beneficiary of the people as property owner.
b. Cooperative property: that which is sustained through the collective labor of partner owners and through the effective exercise of the principles of cooperativism.
c. Property of political, social, and mass organizations: ownership that they exercise over their goods designed to fulfill their roles.
d. Private ownership: that which is exercised over specific means of production by natural or legal persons, Cubans or foreigners; with a complementary role in the economy.
e. Mixed property: that which is formed through the combination of two or more forms of ownership.
f. Institutional and associative property: that which these groups exercise over their goods for non-profit purposes.
g. Personal property: that which is exercised over one's belongings that, without constituting means of production, contribute to the satisfaction of the material and spiritual necessities of their owner.
All forms of ownership over means of production interact in similar ways; the State regulates and monitors the way in which they contribute to economic and social development.
The exercise and attainment of these forms of ownership are regulated by the law. (Art. 22) - SpanishSe reconocen como formas de propiedad, las siguientes:
a) socialista de todo el pueblo: en la que el Estado actúa en representación y beneficio de aquel como propietario;
b) cooperativa: la sustentada en el trabajo colectivo de sus socios propietarios y en el ejercicio efectivo de los principios del cooperativismo;
c) de las organizaciones políticas, de masas y sociales: la que ejercen estos sujetos sobre los bienes destinados al cumplimiento de sus fines;
d) privada: la que se ejerce sobre determinados medios de producción por personas naturales o jurídicas cubanas o extranjeras; con un papel complementario en la economía;
e) mixta: la formada por la combinación de dos o más formas de propiedad;
f) de instituciones y formas asociativas: la que ejercen estos sujetos sobre sus bienes para el cumplimiento de fines de carácter no lucrativo;
g) personal: la que se ejerce sobre los bienes que, sin constituir medios de producción, contribuyen a la satisfacción de las necesidades materiales y espirituales de su titular.
Todas las formas de propiedad sobre los medios de producción interactúan en similares condiciones; el Estado regula y controla el modo en que contribuyen al desarrollo económico y social.
La ley regula lo relativo al ejercicio y alcance de las formas de propiedad. (Art. 22)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Kazakhstan
- English1. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall privately own any legally acquired property.
2. The property, including the right of inheritance, shall be guaranteed by law.
… (Art. 26) - Kazak1. Қазақстан Республикасының азаматтары заңды түрде алған қандай да болсын мүлкiн жеке меншiгiнде ұстай алады.
2. Меншiк, оның iшiнде мұрагерлiк құқығына заңмен кепiлдiк берiледi.
… (26-бап)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Serbia
- EnglishRight to inheritance shall be guaranteed in accordance with the law.
Right to inheritance may not be denied or restricted for failing to observe public duties. (Art. 59) - Serbian CyrillicЈемчи се право наслеђивања, у складу са законом.
Право наслеђивања не може бити искључено или ограничено због неиспуњавања јавних обавеза. (Члан 59)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Kenya
- English(1) Community land shall vest in and be held by communities identified on the basis of ethnicity, culture or similar community of interest.
(2) Community land consists of—
(a) land lawfully registered in the name of group representatives under the provisions of any law;
(b) land lawfully transferred to a specific community by any process of law;
(c) any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament; and
(d) land that is—
(i) lawfully held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines;
(ii) ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities; or
(iii) lawfully held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government under Article 62(2).
… (Art. 63) - Swahili(1) Ardhi ya jamii itakabidhiwa na kushikiliwa na jamii zinazotambuliwa kwa msingi wa kabila, utamaduni au jamii yenye maslahi yanayofanana.
(2) Ardhi ya jumuiya inajumuisha—
(a) ardhi iliyosajiliwa kihalali kwa jina la wawakilishi wa kikundi chini ya masharti ya sheria yoyote;
(b) ardhi ambayo umilikiwa wake umehamishwa kihalali kwenda kwa jamii mahususi kwa mchakato wowote wa sheria;
(c) ardhi nyingine yoyote iliyotangazwa kuwa ardhi ya jamii kwa Sheria ya Bunge; na
(d) ardhi ambayo—
(i) inashikiliwa kihalali, inayosimamiwa au kutumiwa na jamii mahususi kama misitu ya jamii, maeneo ya malisho au shughuli za kiimani;
(ii) ardhi za mababu na ardhi ambazo kiutamaduni zilishikiliwa na jamii za wawindaji na waokotaji; au
(iii) imeshikiliwa kisheria na serikali za kaunti kama ardhi ya amana, lakini haijumuishi ardhi yoyote ya umma inayoshikiliwa na serikali ya kaunti chini ya Kifungu cha 62(2).
… (Kifungu cha 63)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
El Salvador
- EnglishThe right to private property [serving] as a social function is recognized and guaranteed.
… (Art. 103) - SpanishSe reconoce y garantiza el derecho a la propiedad privada en función social.
… (Art. 103)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Malaysia
- English(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the validity of any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer or lease of customary land in the State of Negeri Sembilan or the State of Malacca, or of any interest in such land.
… (Art. 90) - Malay(1) Tiada apa-apa jua dalam Perlembagaan ini boleh menyentuh kesahan apa-apa sekatan yang dikenakan oleh undang-undang ke atas pemindahan hakmilik atau pemajakan tanah adat di Negeri Sembilan atau Negeri Melaka, atau pemindahan hakmilik atau pemajakan apa-apa kepentingan mengenai tanah itu.
… (Perkara 90)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Kiribati
- English1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (8) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
(3) In this section, the expression “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision-
…
(c) for the application, in the case of persons of any such description as is mentioned in the preceding subsection (or of persons connected with such persons), of the law with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other like matters that is the personal law applicable to persons of that description;(d) with respect to land, the tenure of land, the resumption and acquisition of land and other like purposes;
… (Sec. 15)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Malawi
- English1. Women have the right to full and equal protection by the law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status which includes the right—
a. to be accorded the same rights as men in civil law, including equal capacity—
…
ii. to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status;
…
b. on the dissolution of marriage, howsoever entered into—
i. to a fair disposition of property that is held jointly with a husband;
…
2. Any law that discriminates against women on the basis of gender or marital status shall be invalid and legislation shall be passed to eliminate customs and practices that discriminate against women, particularly practices such as—
…
c. deprivation of property, including property obtained by inheritance. (Sec. 24)