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Judicial Protection
- English
The disputes that Article 103 of the Constitution concerns, with the exception of those in electoral matters, will be subject to the procedures and formalities [formas] of the juridical order that the law determines, in accordance with the following bases:
I. A trial in amparo will always be held [seguirá] at the instance of the party injured [agrivada], having such character any [person] claiming to be entitled [titular] to a right or to an individual or collective interest, whenever it [is] alleged that the challenged act violates the rights recognized by the Constitution and furthermore affects its juridical sphere, either in direct manner or by virtue of its special situation before [frente] the juridical order.
Concerning the acts or resolutions proceeding from the judicial, administrative or labor tribunals, the complainant must claim to be entitled to a subjective right that affects them in a personal and direct manner;
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V.
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The Supreme Court of Justice can, of office or on substantiated petition of the corresponding Collegiate Circuit Tribunal, of the Attorney General of the Republic, in the matters in which the Public Ministry of the Federation is a part, or of the Federal Executive, through the Juridical Councilor of the Government, take cognizance of the direct amparos that by their interest and transcendence [trascendencia] so merit it.
…
VIII. Against the decisions that the District Judges [feminine] and the District Judges [masculine] or the Collegiate Tribunals of Appeal issue in amparo[,] revision proceeds. The Supreme Court of Justice will take cognizance of them:
a) When general norms have been challenged in the demand of amparo, for considering them [estimaraos] directly in violation of this Constitution, the issue [problema] of constitutionality subsisting in the recourse.
b) When it concerns those cases comprehended in fractions II and III of Article 103 of this Constitution.
The Supreme Court of Justice can, of office or on substantiated petition of the corresponding Collegiate Circuit Tribunal, of the Attorney General of the Republic, in the matters in which the Public Ministry of the federation is a part, or of the Federal Executive, through the Juridical Councilor of the Government, take cognizance of the amparos in revision, that by their interest and transcendence so merit it.
… (Art. 107) - Spanish
Las controversias de que habla el artículo 103 de esta Constitución, con excepción de aquellas en materia electoral, se sujetarán a los procedimientos que determine la ley reglamentaria, de acuerdo con las bases siguientes:
I. El juicio de amparo se seguirá siempre a instancia de parte agraviada, teniendo tal carácter quien aduce ser titular de un derecho o de un interés legítimo individual o colectivo, siempre que alegue que el acto reclamado viola los derechos reconocidos por esta Constitución y con ello se afecte su esfera jurídica, ya sea de manera directa o en virtud de su especial situación frente al orden jurídico.
Tratándose de actos o resoluciones provenientes de tribunales judiciales, administrativos o del trabajo, el quejoso deberá aducir ser titular de un derecho subjetivo que se afecte de manera personal y directa;
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V.
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La Suprema Corte de Justicia, de oficio o a petición fundada del correspondiente Tribunal Colegiado de Circuito, del Fiscal General de la República, en los asuntos en que el Ministerio Público de la Federación sea parte, o del Ejecutivo Federal, por conducto del Consejero Jurídico del Gobierno, podrá conocer de los amparos directos que por su interés y trascendencia así lo ameriten.
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VIII. Contra las sentencias que pronuncien en amparo las Juezas y los Jueces de Distrito o los Tribunales Colegiados de Apelación procede revisión. De ella conocerá la Suprema Corte de Justicia:
a) Cuando habiéndose impugnado en la demanda de amparo normas generales por estimarlas directamente violatorias de esta Constitución, subsista en el recurso el problema de constitucionalidad.
b) Cuando se trate de los casos comprendidos en las fracciones II y III del artículo 103 de esta Constitución.
La Suprema Corte de Justicia, de oficio o a petición fundada del correspondiente Tribunal Colegiado de Circuito, del Fiscal General de la República, en los asuntos en que el Ministerio Público de la Federación sea parte, o del Ejecutivo Federal, por conducto del Consejero Jurídico del Gobierno, podrá conocer de los amparos en revisión, que por su interés y trascendencia así lo ameriten.
… (Art. 107)
Judicial Protection
- EnglishThe fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter5 shall be respected and upheld by the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary and all organs of the Government and its agencies and, where applicable to them, by all natural and legal persons in Namibia, and shall be enforceable by the Courts in the manner hereinafter prescribed. (Art. 5)
Judicial Protection
- English…
4.The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, in the order established by the federal constitutional law, shall verify:
a) upon complaints on violation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens - the constitutionality of laws and other normative acts, enumerated in items "a" and "b" of part 2 of the present Article, that had been implemented in a concrete case, if all other internal judicial remedies have been exhausted;
b) upon requests of courts - the constitutionality of laws and other normative acts enumerated in items "a" and "b" of part 2 of the present Article, that are to be applied in a concrete case.
… (Art. 125) - Russian…
4. Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации в порядке, установленном федеральным конституционным законом, проверяет:
а) по жалобам на нарушение конституционных прав и свобод граждан – конституционность законов и иных нормативных актов, указанных в пунктах "а" и "б" части 2 настоящей статьи, примененных в конкретном деле, если исчерпаны все другие внутригосударственные средства судебной защиты;
б) по запросам судов – конституционность законов и иных нормативных актов, указанных в пунктах "а" и "б" части 2 настоящей статьи, подлежащих применению в конкретном деле.
… (Статья 125)
Judicial Protection
- EnglishSubject to the provisions of section 39(8), an appeal shall lie from decisions of the High Court to the Court of Appeal as of right in the following cases—
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(b) final decisions given in exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on the High Court by section 16 (which relates to the enforcement of the fundamental rights and freedoms); and
… (Sec. 107)
Judicial Protection
- English(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4), if any person alleges that any of the provisions of sections 16 to 27 (inclusive) has been, is being or is likely to be contravened in relation to him by any person (or, in the case of a person who is detained, if any other person alleges such a contravention in relation to the detained person), then, without prejudice to any other action with respect to the same matter which is lawfully available, that person, (or that other person), may apply by motion to the Supreme Court for redress.
(2) The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction—
a. to hear and determine any application made by any person in pursuance of subsection (1); and
b. to determine any question arising in the case of any person which is referred to in pursuance of subsection (3), and may make such order, issue such writs, and give such directions as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of enforcing, or securing the enforcement of any of the provisions of the said sections 16 to 27 (inclusive) to the protection of which the person concerned is entitled:
Provided that the Supreme Court shall not exercise its powers under this subsection if it is satisfied that adequate means of redress for the contravention alleged are or have been available to the person concerned under any other law.
(3) If in any proceedings in any court other than the Supreme Court, any question arises as to the contravention of any of the provisions of sections 16 to 27 inclusive, that court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the Supreme Court.
… (Sec. 28)
Judicial Protection
- English(1) All persons have the right to obtain effective protection from the judges and the courts in the exercise of their rights and legitimate interests, and in no case may there be a lack of defense.
… (Sec. 24) - Spanish1. Todas las personas tienen derecho a obtener la tutela efectiva de los jueces y tribunales en el ejercicio de sus derechos e intereses legítimos, sin que, en ningún caso, pueda producirse indefensión.
… (Art. 24)
Judicial Protection
- English1. The following may apply to the Constitutional Court:
...
7. Local self-government bodies – with a question regarding the conformity with the Constitution of normative legal acts stipulated by Point 1 of Article 168 of the Constitution that violate their constitutional rights, as well as in the cases stipulated by Point 4 of Article 168 of the Constitution;
8. Everyone – in a concrete case when there is a final act of court, all judicial remedies have been exhausted, and the person challenges the constitutionality of a provision of a normative legal act applied in relation to him by such act of court, which has led to a violation of his fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in Chapter 2 of the Constitution, taking into account also the construal of such provision in its practical legal application;
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10. The Human Rights Defender – concerning the conformity of the normative legal acts listed in Point 1 of Article 168 of the Constitution with the provisions of Chapter 2 of the Constitution;
... (Art. 169) - Armenian1. Սահմանադրական դատարան կարող են դիմել՝
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7) տեղական ինքնակառավարման մարմինները՝ Սահմանադրության 168-րդ հոդվածի 1-ին կետում թվարկված` իրենց սահմանադրական իրավունքները խախտող նորմատիվ իրավական ակտերի՝ Սահմանադրությանը համապատասխանության հարցով, ինչպես նաև Սահմանադրության 168-րդ հոդվածի 4-րդ կետով սահմանված դեպքերում.
8) յուրաքանչյուր ոք՝ կոնկրետ գործով, երբ առկա է դատարանի վերջնական ակտը, սպառվել են դատական պաշտպանության բոլոր միջոցները և վիճարկում է այդ ակտով իր նկատմամբ կիրառված նորմատիվ իրավական ակտի դրույթի սահմանադրականությունը, ինչը հանգեցրել է Սահմանադրության 2-րդ գլխում ամրագրված իր հիմնական իրավունքների և ազատությունների խախտման՝ հաշվի առնելով նաև համապատասխան դրույթին իրավակիրառ պրակտիկայում տրված մեկնաբանությունը.
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10) Մարդու իրավունքների պաշտպանը՝ Սահմանադրության 168-րդ հոդվածի 1-ին կետում թվարկված նորմատիվ իրավական ակտերի՝ Սահմանադրության 2-րդ գլխի դրույթներին համապատասխանության հարցերով.
… (Հոդված 169)
Judicial Protection
- English… An organic law determines the other authorities and juridical [morale] persons who can refer the Constitutional Court [to matters], in matters of protection of fundamental rights. … (Art. 104)
- French… Une loi organique détermine les autres autorités et les personnes morales qui peuvent saisir la Cour constitutionnelle, en matière de protection des droits fondamentaux. … (Art. 104)
Judicial Protection
- English(1) The High Court Division on the application of any person aggrieved, may give such directions or orders to any person or authority, including any person performing any function in connection with the affairs of the Republic, as may be appropriate for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of this Constitution.
… (Art. 102) - Bengali(১) কোন সংক্ষুব্ধ ব্যক্তির আবেদনক্রমে এই সংবিধানের তৃতীয় ভাগের দ্বারা অর্পিত মৌলিক অধিকারসমূহের যে কোন একটি বলবৎ করিবার জন্য প্রজাতন্ত্রের বিষয়াবলীর সহিত সম্পর্কিত কোন দায়িত্ব পালনকারী ব্যক্তিসহ যে কোন ব্যক্তি বা কর্তৃপক্ষকে হাইকোর্ট বিভাগ উপযুক্ত নির্দেশাবলী বা আদেশাবলী দান করিতে পারিবেন।
… (অনুচ্ছেদ ১০২)
Judicial Protection
- English(1) When interpreting this Chapter8, a court, tribunal, forum or body—
(a) must give full effect to the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter;
(b) must promote the values and principles that underlie a democratic society based on openness, justice, human dignity, equality and freedom, and in particular, the values and principles set out in section 3;
(c) must take into account international law and all treaties and conventions to which Zimbabwe is a party;
(d) must pay due regard to all the provisions of this Constitution, in particular the principles and objectives set out in Chapter 2; and
(e) may consider relevant foreign law;
in addition to considering all other relevant factors that are to be taken into account in the interpretation of a Constitution.
(2) When interpreting an enactment, and when developing the common law and customary law, every court, tribunal, forum or body must promote and be guided by the spirit and objectives of this Chapter. (Sec. 46)