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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.

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Citizenship and Nationality

North Macedonia
  • English

    Citizens of the Republic of North Macedonia have citizenship of the Republic of North Macedonia. A citizen of the Republic of North Macedonia can not be deprived of citizenship, nor can he/she be expelled from the Republic of North Macedonia. … Citizenship of the Republic of North Macedonia is regulated by law. (Art. 4)3

  • Macedonian

    Граѓаните на Република Северна Македонија имаат државјанство на Република Северна Македонија.
    На државјанин на Република Северна Македонија не може да му биде одземено државјанството, ниту може да биде протеран од Република Северна Македонија. ...
    Државјанството на Република Северна Македонија се уредува со закон. (Член 4)

Citizenship and Nationality

Ukraine
  • English
    A citizen of Ukraine shall not be deprived of citizenship and of the right to change citizenship.
    ... (Art. 25)
  • Ukrainian
    Громадянин України не може бути позбавлений громадянства і права змінити громадянство.
    … (Стаття 25)

Citizenship and Nationality

Russian Federation
  • English
    1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may have citizenship of a foreign state (dual citizenship) in accordance with federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.
    2. The possession of foreign citizenship by a citizen of the Russian Federation shall not diminish his (her) rights and freedoms and shall not release him from obligations stipulated for Russian citizenship, unless otherwise specified by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation.
    … (Art. 62)
  • Russian
    1. Гражданин Российской Федерации может иметь гражданство иностранного государства (двойное гражданство) в соответствии с федеральным законом или международным договором Российской Федерации.
    2. Наличие у гражданина Российской Федерации гражданства иностранного государства не умаляет его прав и свобод и не освобождает от обязанностей, вытекающих из российского гражданства, если иное не предусмотрено федеральным законом или международным договором Российской Федерации.
    ... (Статья 62)

Citizenship and Nationality

Greece
  • English
    …
    3. All persons possessing the qualifications for citizenship as specified by law are Greek citizens. Withdrawal of Greek citizenship shall be permitted only in case of voluntary acquisition of another citizenship or of undertaking service contrary to national interests in a foreign country, under the conditions and procedures more specifically provided by law.
    … (Art. 4)
  • Greek
    …
    3. Έλληνες πολίτες είναι όσοι έχουν τα προσόντα που ορίζει ο νόμος. Eπιτρέπεται να αφαιρεθεί η ελληνική ιθαγένεια μόνο σε περίπτωση που κάποιος απέκτησε εκούσια άλλη ιθαγένεια ή που ανέλαβε σε ξένη χώρα υπηρεσία αντίθετη προς τα εθνικά συμφέροντα, με τις προϋποθέσεις και τη διαδικασία που προβλέπει ειδικότερα ο νόμος.
    … ('Αρθρο 4)

Citizenship and Nationality

Estonia
  • English
    Every child of whose parents one is a citizen of Estonia is entitled to Estonian citizenship by birth.
    Everyone who has forfeited his or her Estonian citizenship as a minor is entitled to its restoration.
    No one may be deprived of an Estonian citizenship acquired by birth.
    No one may be deprived of Estonian citizenship because of his or her beliefs.
    The conditions and procedure for the acquisition, forfeiture and restoration of Estonian citizenship are provided in the Citizenship Act. (Sec. 8)
  • Estonian
    Igal lapsel, kelle vanematest üks on Eesti kodanik, on õigus Eesti kodakondsusele sünnilt.
    Igaühel, kes on alaealisena kaotanud Eesti kodakondsuse, on õigus selle taastamisele.
    Kelleltki ei tohi võtta sünniga omandatud Eesti kodakondsust.
    Kelleltki ei tohi veendumuste pärast võtta Eesti kodakondsust.
    Eesti kodakondsuse saamise, kaotamise ja taastamise tingimused ning korra sätestab kodakondsuse seadus. (§ 8)

Citizenship and Nationality

Belarus
  • English

    …
    No one may be deprived of citizenship of the Republic of Belarus or of the right to change citizenship.
    …
    The acquisition and termination of citizenship shall be in accordance with the law. (Art. 10)

  • Belarusian

    ...
    Ніхто не можа быць пазбаўлены грамадзянства Рэспублікі Беларусь або права змяніць грамадзянства.
    ...
    Набыццё і страта грамадзянства ажыццяўляюцца ў адпаведнасці з законам. (Артыкул 10)

  • Russian

    …
    Никто не может быть лишен гражданства Республики Беларусь или права изменить гражданство.
    …
    Приобретение и утрата гражданства осуществляются в соответствии с законом. (Статья 10)

Citizenship and Nationality

Germany
  • English
    (1) Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person.
    (2) Former German citizens who between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945 were deprived of their citizenship on political, racial or religious grounds, and their descendants, shall on application have their citizenship restored. They shall be deemed never to have been deprived of their citizenship if they have established their domicile in Germany after 8 May 1945 and have not expressed a contrary intention. (Art. 116)
  • German
    (1) Deutscher im Sinne dieses Grundgesetzes ist vorbehaltlich anderweitiger gesetzlicher Regelung, wer die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besitzt oder als Flüchtling oder Vertriebener deutscher Volkszugehörigkeit oder als dessen Ehegatte oder Abkömmling in dem Gebiete des Deutschen Reiches nach dem Stande vom 31. Dezember 1937 Aufnahme gefunden hat.
    (2) Frühere deutsche Staatsangehörige, denen zwischen dem 30. Januar 1933 und dem 8. Mai 1945 die Staatsangehörigkeit aus politischen, rassischen oder religiösen Gründen entzogen worden ist, und ihre Abkömmlinge sind auf Antrag wieder einzubürgern. Sie gelten als nicht ausgebürgert, sofern sie nach dem 8. Mai 1945 ihren Wohnsitz in Deutschland genommen haben und nicht einen entgegengesetzten Willen zum Ausdruck gebracht haben. (Art. 116)

Citizenship and Nationality

Sweden
  • English

    ...
    No Swedish citizen who is domiciled in Sweden or who has previously been domiciled in Sweden may be deprived of his or her citizenship. It may however be prescribed that children under the age of eighteen shall have the same nationality as their parents or as one parent. (Instrument of Government, Chapter 2, Art. 7)

  • Swedish

    ...
    Ingen svensk medborgare som är eller har varit bosatt i riket får fråntas sitt medborgarskap. Det får dock föreskrivas att barn under arton år i fråga om sitt medborgarskap ska följa föräldrarna eller en av dem. (Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform, 2 kap, 7§)

Citizenship and Nationality

Switzerland
  • English
    1 The Confederation shall regulate the acquisition and deprivation of citizenship by birth, marriage or adoption. It shall also regulate the deprivation of Swiss citizenship on other grounds, together with the reinstatement of citizenship.
    2 It shall legislate on the minimum requirements for the naturalisation of foreign nationals by the Cantons and grant naturalisation permits.
    3 It shall enact simplified regulations on the naturalisation of:
    a. third generation immigrants;
    b. stateless children. (Art. 38)
  • French
    1 La Confédération règle l’acquisition et la perte de la nationalité et des droits de cité par filiation, par mariage ou par adoption. Elle règle également la perte de la nationalité suisse pour d’autres motifs ainsi que la réintégration dans cette dernière.
    2 Elle édicte des dispositions minimales sur la naturalisation des étrangers par les cantons et octroie l’autorisation de naturalisation.
    3 Elle facilite la naturalisation:
    a. des étrangers de la troisième génération;
    b. des enfants apatrides. (Art. 38)
  • German
    1 Der Bund regelt Erwerb und Verlust der Bürgerrechte durch Abstammung, Heirat und Adoption. Er regelt zudem den Verlust des Schweizer Bürgerrechts aus anderen Gründen sowie die Wiedereinbürgerung.
    2 Er erlässt Mindestvorschriften über die Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern durch die Kantone und erteilt die Einbürgerungsbewilligung.
    3 Er erleichtert die Einbürgerung von:
    a. Personen der dritten Ausländergeneration;
    b. staatenlosen Kindern. (Art. 38)
  • Italian
    1 La Confederazione disciplina l’acquisizione e la perdita della cittadinanza per origine, matrimonio e adozione. Disciplina inoltre la perdita della cittadinanza svizzera per altri motivi e la reintegrazione nella medesima.
    2 La Confederazione emana prescrizioni minime sulla naturalizzazione degli stranieri da parte dei Cantoni e rilascia il relativo permesso.
    3 Essa agevola la naturalizzazione:
    a. degli stranieri della terza generazione;
    b. dei fanciulli apolidi. (Art. 38)

Citizenship and Nationality

Slovakia
  • English

    …
    (3) Every person has the right to freely decide which national group he or she is a member of. All manner of influence or coercion that may affect or lead to a denial of a person's original nationality shall be prohibited.
    … (Art. 12)

  • Slovak

    …
    (3) Kaţdý má právo slobodne rozhodovať o svojej národnosti. Zakazuje sa akékoľvek ovplyvňovanie tohto rozhodovania a všetky spôsoby nátlaku smerujúce k odnárodňovaniu.
    ... (Čl. 12)