SEARCH DATABASE
The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishPrivate property is recognized and guaranteed. The law specifies the manner of acquiring and enjoying it, and the limits placed upon it. (Art. 36)
- FrenchLa propriété privée est reconnue et garantie. La loi en détermine les modalités d'acquisition, de jouissance ainsi que les limites. (Art. 36)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishSince the right to Property is inviolable and sacred, no one may be deprived thereof,
… (1789 Declaration, Art. 17) - FrenchLa propriété étant un droit inviolable et sacré, nul ne peut en être privé,
… (Déclaration 1789, Art. 17)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. All persons who have rights in property at the date of the commencement of this Constitution shall continue to have such rights under this Constitution and any other law.
… (Sec. 209)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe Constitution guarantees to all Hondurans and to foreigners residing in the country the right to the inviolability of life, and to individual safety, freedom, equality before the law, and property. (Art. 61)
- SpanishLa Constitución garantiza a los hondureños y extranjeros residentes en el país, el derecho a la inviolabilidad de la vida, a la seguridad individual, a la libertad, a la igualdad ante la ley y a la propiedad. (Art. 61)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Natural resources, in particular arable land, forests and water reserves; biodiversity, in particular native plant and animal species; and cultural artefacts, shall form the common heritage of the nation. It shall be the obligation of the State and everyone to protect and maintain them, and to preserve them for future generations.
(2) The limits and conditions for acquisition of ownership and for use of arable land and forests that are necessary for achieving the objectives referred to in paragraph (1), as well as the rules concerning the organisation of integrated agricultural production and concerning family farms and other agricultural holdings, shall be laid down in a cardinal Act. (Foundation, Art. P) - Hungarian(1) A természeti erőforrások, különösen a termőföld, az erdők és a vízkészlet, a biológiai sokféleség, különösen a honos növény- és állatfajok, valamint a kulturális értékek a nemzet közös örökségét képezik, amelynek védelme, fenntartása és a jövő nemzedékek számára való megőrzése az állam és mindenki kötelessége.
(2) A termőföld és az erdők tulajdonjogának megszerzése, valamint hasznosítása (1) bekezdés szerinti célok eléréséhez szükséges korlátait és feltételeit, valamint az integrált mezőgazdasági termelésszervezésre és a családi gazdaságokra, továbbá más mezőgazdasági üzemekre vonatkozó szabályokat sarkalatos törvény határozza meg. (Alapvetés, P) cikk)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on account of public interest, this right shall include the right to acquire, to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequest or to transfer it otherwise.
2. "Private property", for the purpose of this Article, shall mean any tangible or intangible product which has value and is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances, by communities specifically empowered by law to own property in common.
3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment and the protection against eviction from their possession. The implementation of this provision shall be specified by law.
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by law.
…
7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right of use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law.
… (Art. 40) - Amharic1. ማንኛውም የኢትዮጵያ ዜጋ የግል ንብረት ባለቤት መሆኑ/መሆኗ ይከበርለታል/ ይከበርላታል፡፡ ይህ መብት የሕዝብን ጥቅም ለመጠበቅ በሌላ ሁኔታ በሕግ እስካልተወሰነ ድረስ ንብረት የመያዝና በንብረት የመጠቀም ወይም የሌሎችን ዜጐች መብቶች እስካልተቃረነ ድረስ ንብረትን የመሸጥ የማውረስ ወይም በሌላ መንገድ የማስተላለፍ መብቶችን ያካትታል፡፡
2. ለዚህ አንቀጽ ዓላማ «የግል ንብረት» ማለት ማንኛውም ኢትዮጵያዊ ዜጋ ወይም ሕጋዊ ሰውነት በሕግ የተሰጣቸው ኢትዮጵያዊ ማኅበራት ወይም አግባብ በአላቸው ሁኔታዎች በሕግ በተለየ በጋራ የንብረት ባለቤት እንዲሆኑ የተፈቀደላቸው ማኅበረሰቦች በጉልበታቸው፣ በመፍጠር ችሎታቸው ወይም በካፒታላቸው ያፈሩት ተጨባጭ የሆነና የተጨባጭነት ጠባይ ሳይኖረው ዋጋ ያለው ውጤት ነው፡፡
3. የገጠርም ሆነ የከተማ መሬትና የተፈጥሮ ሀብት ባለቤትነት መብት የመንግሥትና የሕዝብ ብቻ ነው፡፡ መሬት የማይሸጥ የማይለወጥ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔሮች፣ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች የጋራ ንብረት ነው፡፡
4. የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች መሬት በነጻ የማግኘትና ከመሬታቸው ያለመነቀል መብታቸው የተከበረ ነው፡፡ አፈጻጸሙን በተመለከተ ዝርዝር ሕግ ይወጣል፡፡
5. የኢትዮጵያ ዘላኖች ለግጦሽም ሆነ ለእርሻ የሚጠቀሙበት መሬት በነጻ የማግኘት፣የመጠቀምና ከመሬታቸው ያለመፈናቀል መብት አላቸው፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
…
7. ማንም ኢትዮጵያዊ በጉልበቱ፣ ወይም በገንዘቡ በመሬት ላይ ለሚገነባው ቋሚ ንብረት ወይም ለሚያደርገው ቋሚ መሻሻል ሙሉ መብት አለው፡፡ ይህ መብት የመሸጥ፣ የመለወጥ፣ የማውረስ፣ የመሬት ተጠቃሚነቱ ሲቋረጥ ንብረቱን የማንሳት፣ ባለቤትነቱን የማዛወር ወይም የካሳ ክፍያ የመጠየቅ መብትን ያካትታል፡፡ ዝርዝር አፈጻጸሙ በሕግ ይወሰናል፡፡
… (አንቀጽ 40)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English...
(5) There shall be a Council of Traditional Leaders to be established in terms of an Act of Parliament in order to advise the President on the control and utilization of communal land and on all such other matters as may be referred to it by the President for advice. (Art. 102)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
The ownership of the land to all those holders [proprietarios] who productively and efficiently work it[,] is guaranteed. The law will establish specific [particulares] regulations and exceptions, in accordance with the goals and objectives of agrarian reform. (Art. 108)
- Spanish
Se garantiza la propiedad de la tierra a todos los propietarios que la trabajen productiva y eficientemente. La ley establecerá regulaciones particulares y excepciones, de conformidad con los fines y objetivos de la reforma agraria. (Art. 108)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
(1) The State shall protect the property.
(2) The State shall guarantee to everyone the right to possess property in any such form as requested by the incumbent, as long as these forms do not conflict with the interests of society.
… (Art. 127) - Moldovian
(1) Statul ocroteşte proprietatea.
(2) Statul garantează realizarea dreptului de proprietate în formele solicitate de titular, dacă acestea nu vin în contradicţie cu interesele societăţii.
… (Art. 127)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4), (5), and (7), no law shall make provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.
…
(3) In this section the expression “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, sex, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject, or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.
(4) Subsection (1) shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision—
…
d. with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other interests of personal law;
… (Sec. 27)