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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- EnglishEvery natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions.
… (Art. 1 ECHR First Protocol, Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule 1)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Zimbabwe
- English(1) The State may alienate for value any agricultural land vested in it, whether through the transfer of ownership to any other person or through the grant of a lease or other right of occupation or use, but any such alienation must be in accordance with the principles specified in section 289.
(2) The State may not alienate more than one piece of agricultural land to the same person and his or her dependants.
(3) An Act of Parliament must prescribe procedures for the alienation and allocation of agricultural land by the State, and any such law must be consistent with the principles specified in section 289. (Sec. 293)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Myanmar
- EnglishThe Union shall protect according to law movable and immovable properties of every citizen that are lawfully acquired. (Sec. 356)
- Burmeseနိုင်ငံတော်သည် နိုင်ငံသားများ၏ တရားဝင်ရရှိပိုင်ဆိုင်ထားသော ရွေ့ပြောင်းနိုင်သောပစ္စည်း၊ မရွေ့မပြောင်းနိုင်သောပစ္စည်းများနှင့် စပ်လျဉ်း၍ ဥပဒေအရ ကာကွယ်ပေးရမည်။ (ပုဒ်မ-၃၅၆)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bangladesh
- English(1) Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold, transfer or otherwise dispose of property, and no property shall be compulsorily acquired, nationalised or requisitioned save by authority of law.
… (Art. 42) - Bengali(১) আইনের দ্বারা আরোপিত বাধানিষেধ-সাপেক্ষে প্রত্যেক নাগরিকের সম্পত্তি অর্জন, ধারণ, হস্তান্তর বা অন্যভাবে বিলি-ব্যবস্থা করিবার অধিকার থাকিবে এবং আইনের কর্তৃত্ব ব্যতীত কোন সম্পত্তি বাধ্যতামূলকভাবে গ্রহণ, রাষ্ট্রায়ত্ত বা দখল করা যাইবে না।
... (অনুচ্ছেদ ৪২)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Papua New Guinea
- EnglishNothing in Section 37 (protection of the law) or 53 (protection from unjust deprivation of property) invalidates a law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper regard for human rights and that provides-
(a) for the recognition of the claimed title of Papua New Guinea to land where-
i. there is a genuine dispute as to whether the land was acquired validly or at all from the customary owners before Independence Day; and
ii. if the land were acquired compulsorily the acquisition would comply with Section 53(1) (protection from unjust deprivation of property); or
(b) for the settlement by extra-judicial means of disputes as to the ownership of customary land that appear not to be capable of being reasonably settled in practice by judicial means; or
(c) for the prohibition or regulation of the holding of certain interests in, or in relation to, some or all land by non-citizens. (Sec. 54)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- English…
II. In the framework of the unity of the State, and in accordance with this Constitution, the nations and rural native indigenous peoples enjoy the following rights:
…
6. To the collective ownership of land and territories.
…
17. To autonomous indigenous territorial management, and to the exclusive use and exploitation of renewable natural resources existing in their territory without prejudice to the legitimate rights acquired by third parties.
… (Art. 30) - Spanish…
II. En el marco de la unidad del Estado y de acuerdo con esta Constitución las naciones y pueblos indígena originario campesinos gozan de los siguientes derechos:
…
6. A la titulación colectiva de tierras y territorios.
…
17. A la gestión territorial indígena autónoma, y al uso y aprovechamiento exclusivo de los recursos naturales renovables existentes en su territorio sin perjuicio de los derechos legítimamente adquiridos por terceros.
… (Art. 30)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Pakistan
- EnglishEvery citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property12 in any part of Pakistan, subject to the Constitution and any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest. (Art. 23)
- Urduدستور اور مفادِ عامہ کے پیشِ نظر قانون کے ذریعے عائد کردہ معقول پابندیوں کے تابع، ہر شہری کو جائیداد حاصل کرنے، قبضہ میں رکھنے اور فروخت کرنے کا حق ہوگا۔ (آرٹیکل۲۳)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Tonga
- EnglishNo lease, sub-lease, transfer of a lease or of a sub-lease shall be granted—
(a) without the prior consent of Cabinet where the term is ninety-nine years, or less, or
(b) without the prior consent of Privy Council where the term is over ninety-nine years,
Provided that no consent shall be granted to a lease by a widow of the land of her deceased husband. (Clause 114) - Tongan‘E ‘ikai foaki ha lisi, toe lisi, fetongi ‘o ha lisi pe ‘o ha toe lisi —
(a) kae ‘oua kuo tomu‘a ma‘u ‘a e fakangofua ‘a e Kapineti ‘a ia ko e vaha‘a taimi lisi ‘oku ta‘u ‘e hivangofulumahiva pe si‘isi‘i ange ai, pe
(b) kae ‘oua kuo tomu‘a ma‘u ‘a e fakangofua ‘a e Fakataha Tokoni ‘a ia ko e vaha‘a taimi lisi ‘oku laka hake ‘i he ta‘u ‘e hivangofulumahiva;
Tuku kehe kuo pau he ‘ikai foaki ha fakangofua ki ha lisi ‘e ha uitou ki he kelekele ‘o hono husepaniti kuo pekia. (Kupu 114)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Brazil
- EnglishThe social organization, customs, languages, creeds and traditions of Indians are recognized, as well as their original rights to the lands they traditionally occupy. The Union has the responsibility to delineate these lands and to protect and ensure respect for all their property.
§1°. Lands traditionally occupied by Indians are those on which they live on a permanent basis, those used for their productive activities, those indispensable for the preservation of environmental resources necessary for their well-being and those necessary for their physical and cultural reproduction, according to their uses, customs and traditions.
§2°. The lands traditionally occupied by Indians are destined for their permanent possession, and they shall be entitled to the exclusive usufruct of the riches of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon.
§3°. Utilization of water resources, including their energy potential, and prospecting and mining of mineral wealth on indigenous lands may only be done with the authorization of the National Congress, after hearing from the communities involved, which shall be assured of participation in the results of the mining, as provided by law.
§4°. The lands dealt with in this article are inalienable and nontransferable, and the statute of limitations does not run against rights thereto.
§5°. Removal of indigenous groups from their lands is prohibited except by referendum of the National Congress, in the event of a catastrophe or epidemic that places the population at risk or in the interest of national sovereignty, after deliberation of the National Congress, guaranteeing, under all circumstances, immediate return as soon as the risk ceases.
§6°. Acts aimed at the occupation, dominion and possession of the lands referred to in this article, or at exploitation of the natural wealth of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon, are null and void, producing no legal effects, except in the case of important public interest of the Union, according to the provisions of a complementary law; such nullity and extinction of acts shall not give rise to a right to compensation or to sue the Union, except, as provided by law, for improvements resulting from occupation in good faith.
§7°. The provisions of art. 174, §§ 3° and 4° do not apply to indigenous lands. (Art. 231) - PortugueseSão reconhecidos aos índios sua organização social, costumes, línguas, crenças e tradições, e os direitos originários sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, competindo à União demarcá-las, proteger e fazer respeitar todos os seus bens.
§ 1º - São terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios as por eles habitadas em caráter permanente, as utilizadas para suas atividades produtivas, as imprescindíveis à preservação dos recursos ambientais necessários a seu bem-estar e as necessárias a sua reprodução física e cultural, segundo seus usos, costumes e tradições.
§ 2º - As terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios destinam-se a sua posse permanente, cabendo-lhes o usufruto exclusivo das riquezas do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes.
§ 3º - O aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos, incluídos os potenciais energéticos, a pesquisa e a lavra das riquezas minerais em terras indígenas só podem ser efetivados com autorização do Congresso Nacional, ouvidas as comunidades afetadas, ficando-lhes assegurada participação nos resultados da lavra, na forma da lei.
§ 4º - As terras de que trata este artigo são inalienáveis e indisponíveis, e os direitos sobre elas, imprescritíveis.
§ 5º - É vedada a remoção dos grupos indígenas de suas terras, salvo, "ad referendum" do Congresso Nacional, em caso de catástrofe ou epidemia que ponha em risco sua população, ou no interesse da soberania do País, após deliberação do Congresso Nacional, garantido, em qualquer hipótese, o retorno imediato logo que cesse o risco.
§ 6º - São nulos e extintos, não produzindo efeitos jurídicos, os atos que tenham por objeto a ocupação, o domínio e a posse das terras a que se refere este artigo, ou a exploração das riquezas naturais do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes, ressalvado relevante interesse público da União, segundo o que dispuser lei complementar, não gerando a nulidade e a extinção direito a indenização ou a ações contra a União, salvo, na forma da lei, quanto às benfeitorias derivadas da ocupação de boa fé.
§ 7º - Não se aplica às terras indígenas o disposto no art. 174, § 3º e § 4º. (Art. 231)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
Singapore
- English...
(2) Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens of Singapore on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.
… (Art. 12)