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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Composition and Appointment
- English
(1) A person is qualified for appointment as a judge of the Constitutional Court if he or she is a Zimbabwean citizen, is at least forty years old and has a sound knowledge of constitutional law and, in addition, possesses one of the following qualifications—
(a) he or she has been a judge of a court with unlimited jurisdiction in civil or criminal matters in a country in which the common law is Roman-Dutch or English, and English is an officially recognised language; or
(b) for at least twelve years, whether continuously or not, he or she has been qualified to practise as a legal practitioner—
(i) in Zimbabwe; or
(ii) in a country in which the common law is Roman-Dutch or English and English is an officially recognised language;
and is currently so qualified to practise.
…
(2) To be appointed as a judge of the Constitutional Court a person must be a fit and proper person to hold office as a judge. (Sec. 177)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English1 The Federal Supreme Court hears disputes concerning violations of:
a. federal law;
b. international law;
c. inter-cantonal law;
d. cantonal constitutional rights;
e. the autonomy of the communes and other cantonal guarantees in favour of public law corporations;
f. federal and cantonal provisions on political rights.
2 It hears disputes between the Confederation and Cantons or between Cantons.
3 The jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court may be extended by law.
4 Acts of the Federal Assembly or the Federal Council may not be challenged in the Federal Supreme Court. Exceptions may be provided for by law. (Art. 189) - French1 Le Tribunal fédéral connaît des contestations pour violation:
a. du droit fédéral;
b. du droit international;
c. du droit intercantonal;
d. des droits constitutionnels cantonaux;
e. de l’autonomie des communes et des autres garanties accordées par les cantons aux corporations de droit public;
f. des dispositions fédérales et cantonales sur les droits politiques.
2 Il connaît des différends entre la Confédération et les cantons ou entre les cantons.
3 La loi peut conférer d’autres compétences au Tribunal fédéral.
4 Les actes de l’Assemblée fédérale et du Conseil fédéral ne peuvent pas être portés devant le Tribunal fédéral. Les exceptions sont déterminées par la loi. (Art. 189) - German1 Das Bundesgericht beurteilt Streitigkeiten wegen Verletzung:
a. von Bundesrecht;
b. von Völkerrecht;
c. von interkantonalem Recht;
d. von kantonalen verfassungsmässigen Rechten;
e. der Gemeindeautonomie und anderer Garantien der Kantone zu Gunsten von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften;
f. von eidgenössischen und kantonalen Bestimmungen über die politischen Rechte.
2 Es beurteilt Streitigkeiten zwischen Bund und Kantonen oder zwischen Kantonen.
3 Das Gesetz kann weitere Zuständigkeiten des Bundesgerichts begründen.
4 Akte der Bundesversammlung und des Bundesrates können beim Bundesgericht nicht angefochten werden. Ausnahmen bestimmt das Gesetz. (Art. 189) - Italian1 Il Tribunale federale giudica le controversie per violazione:
a. del diritto federale;
b. del diritto internazionale;
c. del diritto intercantonale;
d. dei diritti costituzionali cantonali;
e. dell’autonomia comunale e di altre garanzie che i Cantoni conferiscono ad altri enti di diritto pubblico;
f. delle disposizioni federali e cantonali sui diritti politici.
2 Il Tribunale federale giudica inoltre le controversie tra la Confederazione e i Cantoni e quelle tra Cantoni.
3 La legge può conferire altre competenze al Tribunale federale.
4 Gli atti dell’Assemblea federale e del Consiglio federale non possono essere impugnati presso il Tribunale federale. Le eccezioni sono stabilite dalla legge. (Art. 189)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English(1) The Constitutional Court is an independent court, separate from the judicial authority. It is competent to oversee the constitutionality of laws and measures, protect rights and freedoms, and adjudicate constitutional disputes.
(2) The Constitutional Court is formed and its competencies and powers is defined by law. (Art. 30) - Arabic1.المحكمة الدستورية محكمه مستقلة ومنفصلة عن السلطة القضائيه، تختص برقابة دستورية الثوانين والتدابير و حماية الحقوق والحريات والفصل في النزاعات الدستورية
2.تشكل المحكمة الدستورية وتحدد إختصاصاتها قوفقا للقانون. (الماده 31)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe Supreme Court shall have sole and exclusive jurisdiction to determine any question as to whether any Bill or any provision thereof is inconsistent with the Constitution: … (Art. 120)
- Sinhalaයම් පනත් කෙටුම්පතක් නැතහොත් පනත් කෙටුම්පතක යම් විධිවිධානයක් ආණ්ඩුක්රම ව්යවස්ථාවට අනනුකූල දැයි යන යම් ප්රශ්නයක් පිළිබඳව තීරණයක් ගැනීමේ තනි හා අනන්ය අධිකරණ බලය ශ්රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට ඇත්තේ ය: ... (120 වැනි වගන්තිය)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English1. The Supreme Constitutional Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate on any appeal made against a decision of an Administrative Court having exclusive jurisdiction to decide in the first instance on a recourse made to it on a complaint that a decision, an act or omission of any organ, authority or person, exercising any executive or administrative authority is contrary to any of the provisions of this Constitution or of any law or is made in excess or in abuse of powers vested in such organ or authority or person.
…
2. Such a recourse may be made by a person whose any existing legitimate interest, which he has either as a person or by virtue of being a member of a Community, is adversely and directly affected by such decision or act or omission.
… (Art. 146) - Greek1. Tο Aνώτατον Συνταγματικόν Δικαστήριον κέκτηται αποκλειστικήν δικαιοδοσίαν να αποφασίζη επί πάσης εφέσεως κατά απόφασης Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου το οποίο έχει αποκλειστική δικαιοδοσία να αποφασίζει σε πρώτο βαθμό επί πάσης προσφυγής υποβαλλομένης κατ’ αποφάσεως, πράξεως ή παραλείψεως οιουδήποτε οργάνου, αρχής ή προσώπου ασκούντων εκτελεστικήν ή διοικητικήν λειτουργίαν επί τω λόγω ότι αυτή είναι αντίθετος προς τας διατάξεις του Συντάγματος ή τον νόμον ή εγένετο καθ’ υπέρβασιν ή κατάχρησιν της εξουσίας της εμπεπιστευμένης εις το όργανον ή την αρχήν ή το πρόσωπον τούτο.
…
2. H προσφυγή ασκείται υπό παντός προσώπου, του οποίου προσεβλήθη ευθέως δια της αποφάσεως, της πράξεως ή της παραλείψεως, ίδιον, ενεστώς έννομον συμφέρον, όπερ κέκτηται τούτο είτε ως άτομον είτε ως μέλος κοινότητός τινος.
… (Αρθρον 146) - Turkish1. Yüksek Anayasa Mahkemesi, icrai veya idari bir yetki kullanan herhangi bir organ, makam veya şahsın bir kararının, muamelesinin veya ihmalinin, bu Anayasanın veya herhangi bir kanunun hükümlerine aykırı olduğu veya bunların söz konusu organ veya makam ya da şahsa verilen yetkiyi aşmak veya kötüye kullanmak suretiyle yapıldığı şikâyeti ile bir İdare Mahkemesine yapılan başvurular hakkında İdare Mahkemesinin ilk derece mahkemesi sıfatıyla münhasır yetkili olarak verdiği tüm kararların temyizini karara bağlamak için münhasır yargı yetkisine sahiptir.
…
2. Böyle bir müracaat, bir şahıs olması veya bir Cemaate mensup olması dolayısıyla sahip olduğu mevcut meşru bir menfaati, bu gibi karar veya muamele veya ihmal yüzünden olumsuz yönde ve doğrudan doğruya etkilenen bir şahıs tarafından yapılabilir.
... (Madde 146)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English1. The High Court shall have jurisdiction to supervise any civil or criminal proceedings before any subordinate court and may make such orders, issue such writs and give such directions as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of ensuring that justice is duly administered by any such court.
2. Where any question as to the interpretation of any provision of this Constitution (other than Chapter II) arises in any subordinate court and the court is of the opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, the court shall refer the question to the High Court.
3. Where any question is referred to the High Court under the preceding subsection, the High Court shall give its decision upon the question and the court in which the question arose shall dispose of the case in accordance with that decision or, if that decision is the subject of an appeal to the Court of Appeal or to the Judicial Committee, in accordance with the decision of the Court of Appeal or the Judicial Committee. (Sec. 89)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English1. Where any question as to the interpretation of this Constitution arises in any court of law established for Antigua and Barbuda (other than the Court of Appeal, the High Court or a court-martial) and the court is of the opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law, the court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court.
… (Sec. 120)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishThe Constitutional Court shall examine the constitutionality, in respect of both form and substance, of laws, presidential decrees and the Rules of Procedure of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and decide on individual applications. Constitutional amendments shall be examined and verified only with regard to their form. However, presidential decrees issued during a state of emergency or in time of war shall not be brought before the Constitutional Court alleging their unconstitutionality as to form or substance.
The verification of laws as to form shall be restricted to consideration of whether the requisite majority was obtained in the last ballot; the verification of constitutional amendments shall be restricted to consideration of whether the requisite majorities were obtained for the proposal and in the ballot, and whether the prohibition on debates under expedited procedure was observed. Verification as to form may be requested by the President of the Republic or by one-fifth of the members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Applications for annulment on the grounds of defect in form shall not be made after ten days have elapsed from the date of promulgation of the law; and it shall not be appealed by other courts to the Constitutional Court on the grounds of defect in form.
Everyone may apply to the Constitutional Court on the grounds that one of the fundamental rights and freedoms within the scope of the European Convention on Human Rights which are guaranteed by the Constitution has been violated by public authorities. In order to make an application, ordinary legal remedies must be exhausted.
In the individual application, judicial review shall not be made on matters required to be taken into account during the process of legal remedies.
Procedures and principles concerning the individual application shall be regulated by law.
The Constitutional Court in its capacity as the Supreme Court shall try, for offences relating to their functions, the President of the Republic, the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, members of the Council of Ministers; presidents and members of the Constitutional Court, High Court of Appeals, Council of State, High Military Court of Appeals, High Military Administrative Court, High Council of Judges and Prosecutors, Court of Accounts, and Chief Public Prosecutors and Deputy Public Prosecutors.
The Chief of General Staff, the commanders of the Land, Naval and Air Forces and the General Commander of the Gendarmerie shall be tried in the Supreme Court for offences regarding their duties.
The Chief Public Prosecutor of the High Court of Appeals or Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor of the High Court of Appeals shall act as prosecutor in the Supreme Court.
Application for judicial review may be made against the decisions of the Supreme Court. Decisions taken by the General Assembly regarding the application shall be final.
The Constitutional Court shall also perform the other duties given to it by the Constitution. (Art. 148) - TurkishAnayasa Mahkemesi, kanunların, kanun hükmünde kararnamelerin ve Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi İçtüzüğünün Anayasaya şekil ve esas bakımlarından uygunluğunu denetler ve bireysel başvuruları karara bağlar. Anayasa değişikliklerini ise sadece şekil bakımından inceler ve denetler. Ancak, olağanüstü hallerde, sıkıyönetim ve savaş hallerinde çıkarılan kanun hükmünde kararnamelerin şekil ve esas bakımından Anayasaya aykırılığı iddiasıyla, Anayasa Mahkemesinde dava açılamaz.
Kanunların şekil bakımından denetlenmesi, son oylamanın, öngörülen çoğunlukla yapılıp yapılmadığı; Anayasa değişikliklerinde ise, teklif ve oylama çoğunluğuna ve ivedilikle görüşülemeyeceği şartına uyulup uyulmadığı hususları ile sınırlıdır. Şekil bakımından denetleme, Cumhurbaşkanınca veya Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi üyelerinin beşte biri tarafından istenebilir. Kanunun yayımlandığı tarihten itibaren on gün geçtikten sonra, şekil bozukluğuna dayalı iptal davası açılamaz; def’i yoluyla da ileri sürülemez.
Herkes, Anayasada güvence altına alınmış temel hak ve özgürlüklerinden, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi kapsamındaki herhangi birinin kamu gücü tarafından, ihlal edildiği iddiasıyla Anayasa Mahkemesine başvurabilir. Başvuruda bulunabilmek için olağan kanun yollarının tüketilmiş olması şarttır.
Bireysel başvuruda, kanun yolunda gözetilmesi gereken hususlarda inceleme yapılamaz.
Bireysel başvuruya ilişkin usul ve esaslar kanunla düzenlenir.
Anayasa Mahkemesi Cumhurbaşkanını, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkanını, Bakanlar Kurulu üyelerini, Anayasa Mahkemesi, Yargıtay, Danıştay, Askerî Yargıtay, Askerî Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi Başkan ve üyelerini, Başsavcılarını, Cumhuriyet Başsavcıvekilini, Hâkimler ve Savcılar Yüksek Kurulu ve Sayıştay Başkan ve üyelerini görevleriyle ilgili suçlardan dolayı Yüce Divan sıfatıyla yargılar.
Genelkurmay Başkanı, Kara, Deniz ve Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanları ile Jandarma Genel Komutanı da görevleriyle ilgili suçlardan dolayı Yüce Divanda yargılanırlar. Yüce Divanda, savcılık görevini Cumhuriyet Başsavcısı veya Cumhuriyet Başsavcıvekili yapar.
Yüce Divan kararlarına karşı yeniden inceleme başvurusu yapılabilir. Genel Kurulun yeniden inceleme sonucunda verdiği kararlar kesindir.
Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasa ile verilen diğer görevleri de yerine getirir. (Madde 148)
Jurisdiction and Access
- English
(1) The High Court has jurisdiction —
(a) in relation to Part II (Bill of Rights) of this Constitution - as provided by Division 5 (Enforcement of the Bill of Rights) of that Part; and
(b) in relation to questions as to membership of Parliament - as provided by section 102 (questions as to membership of Parliament); and
(c) in relation to other questions as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution - as provided by section 134 (constitutional interpretation);
(d) in relation to appeals generally - as provided by section 135 (appellate jurisdiction of the High Court); and
(e) in other matters - as provided for by sections 14(3) (which relates to the effect of Parliamentary declarations of purpose) and 136 (other jurisdiction, etc., of the High Court), and otherwise in this Constitution.
… (Sec. 133)
Jurisdiction and Access
- EnglishA direct action of unconstitutionality and a declaratory action of constitutionality may be brought by:
I. the President of the Republic;
II. the Executive Committee of the Federal Senate;
III. the Executive Committee of the Chamber of Deputies;
IV. the Executive Committee of a Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District;
V. the Governor of a State or the Federal District;
VI. the Procurator-General of the Republic;
VII. the Federal Council of the Brazilian Bar Association;
VIII. a political party represented in the National Congress;
IX. a syndical confederation or a national class entity.
… (Art. 103) - PortuguesePodem propor a ação direta de inconstitucionalidade e a ação declaratória de constitucionalidade:
I - o Presidente da República;
II - a Mesa do Senado Federal;
III - a Mesa da Câmara dos Deputados;
IV a Mesa de Assembléia Legislativa ou da Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal; (Redação dada pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45, de 2004)
V o Governador de Estado ou do Distrito Federal; (Redação dada pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45, de 2004)
VI - o Procurador-Geral da República;
VII - o Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil;
VIII - partido político com representação no Congresso Nacional;
IX - confederação sindical ou entidade de classe de âmbito nacional.
... (Art. 103)