SEARCH DATABASE
The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
(1) Every person shall be free … to choose one's employment,
… (Art. 28E) - Indonesian
(1) Setiap orang bebas … memilih pekerjaan,
… (Pasal 28E)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice anywhere within the national territory.
2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means of livelihood, occupation and profession.
…
7. The State shall undertake all measures necessary to increase opportunities for citizens to find gainful employment.
… (Art. 41) - Amharic1. ማንኛውም ኢትዮጵያዊ በሀገሪቱ ውስጥ በማንኛውም የኢኮኖሚ እንቅስቃሴ የመሰማራትና ለመተዳደሪያው የመረጠውን ሥራ የመሥራት መብት አለው፡፡
2. ሁሉም ኢትዮጵያዊ መተዳደሪያውን፣ ሥራውንና ሙያውን የመምረጥ መብት አለው፡፡
…
7. መንግሥት ዜጐች ጠቃሚ ሥራ የማግኘት ዕድላቸው እየሰፋ እንዲሄድ ለማድረግ አስፈላጊ እርምጃዎችን ይወስዳል፡፡
… (አንቀጽ 41)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
(1) Every person shall enjoy the right to work, to freely choose his/her profession and workplace, to equitable and satisfactory working conditions, as well as to protection against unemployment.
(2) All employees shall have the right to social protection of labour. The measures of protection shall bear upon labour safety and hygiene, working conditions for women and young people, introduction of a minimum wage per economy, weekly rest and annual paid leave, as well as difficult working conditions and other specific situations.
(3) The length of the working week shall not exceed 40 hours.
… (Art. 43) - Moldovian
(1) Orice persoană are dreptul la muncă, la libera alegere a muncii, la condiţii echitabile şi satisfăcătoare de muncă, precum şi la protecţia împotriva şomajului.
(2) Salariaţii au dreptul la protecţia muncii. Măsurile de protecţie privesc securitatea şi igiena muncii, regimul de muncă al femeilor şi al tinerilor, instituirea unui salariu minim pe economie, repaosul săptămînal, concediul de odihnă plătit, prestarea muncii în condiţii grele, precum şi alte situaţii specifice.
(3) Durata săptămînii de muncă este de cel mult 40 de ore.
… (Art. 43)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe right to work is underpinned by the following principles:
1. The State shall promote full employment and the elimination of under-employment and unemployment.
2. Labor rights cannot be waived and are intangible. Any stipulation to the contrary shall be null and void.
3. In the event of any uncertainty as to the scope of legal, regulatory or contract provisions in labor affairs, it is the most favorable interpretation of the effective force of these provisions for the benefit of workers that shall prevail.
4. Work of equal value shall be given equal pay.
5. All people shall be entitled to carry out their work in an appropriate, favorable setting, guaranteeing their health, bodily safety, security, hygiene and well-being.
6. Any person who has recovered from a work accident or sickness shall be entitled to return to work and continue the labor relationship, pursuant to the law.
… (Art. 326) - SpanishEl derecho al trabajo se sustenta en los siguientes principios:
1. El Estado impulsará el pleno empleo y la eliminación del subempleo y del desempleo.
2. Los derechos laborales son irrenunciables e intangibles. Será nula toda estipulación en contrario.
3. En caso de duda sobre el alcance de las disposiciones legales, reglamentarias o contractuales en materia laboral, éstas se aplicarán en el sentido más favorable a las personas trabajadoras.
4. A trabajo de igual valor corresponderá igual remuneración.
5. Toda persona tendrá derecho a desarrollar sus labores en un ambiente adecuado y propicio, que garantice su salud, integridad, seguridad, higiene y bienestar.
6. Toda persona rehabilitada después de un accidente de trabajo o enfermedad, tendrá derecho a ser reintegrada al trabajo y a mantener la relación laboral, de acuerdo con la ley.
… (Art. 326)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. All citizens shall have the right to work. The State shall endeavor to promote the employment of workers and to guarantee optimum wages through social and economic means and shall enforce a minimum wage system as prescribed by law.
2. All citizens shall have the duty to work. The State shall prescribe by law the extent and conditions of the duty to work in conformity with democratic principles.
3. Standards of working conditions shall be determined by law in such a way as to guarantee human dignity.
4. Special protection shall be accorded to working women and they shall not be subjected to unjust discrimination in terms of employment, wages and working conditions.
… (Art. 32) - Korean①모든 국민은 근로의 권리를 가진다. 국가는 사회적·경제적 방법으로 근로자의 고용의 증진과 적정임금의 보장에 노력하여야 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 최저임금제를 시행하여야 한다.
②모든 국민은 근로의 의무를 진다. 국가는 근로의 의무의 내용과 조건을 민주주의원칙에 따라 법률로 정한다.
③근로조건의 기준은 인간의 존엄성을 보장하도록 법률로 정한다.
④여자의 근로는 특별한 보호를 받으며, 고용·임금 및 근로조건에 있어서 부당한 차별을 받지 아니한다.
... (제32조)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
…
The law favors the equal access and the participation of women and men in public employment and to the functions in the domain of the political, economical and social life. (Art. 6) - French
…
La loi favorise l’égal accès et la participation des femmes et des hommes aux emplois publics et aux fonctions dans le domaine de la vie politique, économique et sociale. (Art. 6)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English…
3. Women have the right to special protection during pregnancy and following childbirth, and working women also have the right to an adequate period of leave from work without loss of remuneration or any privileges.
4. The law shall regulate the attribution to mothers and fathers of rights to an adequate period of leave from work, in accordance with the interests of the child and the needs of the household. (Art. 68) - Portuguese…
3. As mulheres têm direito a especial protecção durante a gravidez e após o parto, tendo as mulheres trabalhadoras ainda direito a dispensa do trabalho por período adequado, sem perda da retribuição ou de quaisquer regalias.
4. A lei regula a atribuição às mães e aos pais de direitos de dispensa de trabalho por período adequado, de acordo com os interesses da criança e as necessidades do agregado familiar. (Art. 68)
Employment Rights and Protection
- EnglishThe minimum social rights that form the basis of the labor legislation and the activity of the tribunals and [the] authorities [are]:
a. The right to the free choice [elección] of work and the satisfactory economic conditions that guarantee a dignified existence for the worker and his [or her] family;
b. That all work be equitably remunerated, except with what the law determines in that regard;
c. The equality of salary for the same rendered work in equality of conditions, productivity, and seniority;
d. The obligation to pay the worker in currency of legal tender. However, the field worker [trabajador de campo] can receive, by choice [a su voluntad], food products until up to thirty percent of his [or her] salary. In this case the employer will provide those products at a price no superior than their cost;
e. The freedom from lien [inembargabilidad] of the salary in the cases determined by the law. The personal work implements may not be subject to a lien for any reason. Nevertheless, for the protection of the family of the worker and by judicial order, part of the salary can be retained and delivered to the corresponding [party];
f. The periodic establishment [fijación] of the minimum salary in accordance with the law;
g. The ordinary effective workday [jornada] can neither exceed eight hours of work per day, nor forty-four hours per week, equivalent to forty-eight hours for the exclusive purpose of the payment of the salary.
The ordinary effective workday on the night shift can neither exceed six hours per day, nor thirty-six hours per week. The mixed ordinary effective workday can neither exceed seven hours per day, nor forty-two hours per week. All work effectively performed outside [of the] ordinary working hours, constitutes an extraordinary workday and must be remunerated as such. The law will determine the very qualified situations of exception where the provisions relative to the workdays are not applicable.
Those that by provision of the law, by custom or by agreement with the employers work less than forty-four hours per week during the day, thirty-six hours during the night, or forty-two hours in mixed-schedule workdays, will have the right to receive the weekly salary in its entirety.
It is understood that effective work means the entire time that the worker remains under the orders or at the disposal of the employer;
h. The right of the worker to a day of remunerated rest for each ordinary work week or for any six consecutive workdays. The holidays [días de asueto] recognized by the law will also be remunerated;
i. The right of the worker to fifteen working days of paid vacation after each year of continuous service, with the exception of agricultural enterprise workers, who will have the right to ten working days [of vacation]. The vacations must be effective and the employer may not compensate such right in a different manner, except when the labor relationship already acquired would cease;
j. The obligation of the employer to grant[,] every year[,] a bonus [aguinaldo] of no less than one hundred percent of the monthly salary, or the one already established if greater, to those workers who may have worked for an uninterrupted year prior to the date of the payment. The law will regulate the form of payment. For those workers with less than one year of service, such bonus will be covered proportionally to the time [of duration] of [the] work;
k. The protection of the working woman and [the] regulation of the conditions under which she must render her services.
There may not be differences established between married and single women in terms of [the] work. The law will regulate the protection of the maternity rights of the working woman, who may not be required to [conduct any] work that may require an effort that puts her pregnancy in jeopardy [gravidez]. The working mother will enjoy a compulsory rest [period] [descanso forzoso] paid on the basis of one hundred percent of her salary, during the thirty days prior to giving birth and [during] the subsequent forty-five days. During the period of lactation she will have the right to two periods of extraordinary rest, during her workday. The prenatal and postnatal rest periods will be expanded according to her physical conditions, by medical prescription;
…
r. The establishment of economic institutions and of social prevision which, in benefit of the workers, grant benefits of all types, especially for disability, retirement, and survival;
… (Art. 102) - SpanishSon derechos sociales mínimos que fundamentan la legislación del trabajo y la actividad de los tribunales y autoridades:
a) Derecho a la libre elección de trabajo y a condiciones económicas satisfactorias que garanticen al trabajador y a su familia una existencia digna;
b) Todo trabajo será equitativamente remunerado, salvo lo que al respecto determine la ley;
c) Igualdad de salario para igual trabajo prestado en igualdad de condiciones, eficiencia y antigüedad;
d) Obligación de pagar al trabajador en moneda de curso legal. Sin embargo, el trabajador del campo puede recibir, a su voluntad, productos alimenticios hasta en un treinta por ciento de su salario. En este caso el empleador suministrará esos productos a un precio no mayor de su costo;
e) Inembargabilidad del salario en los casos determinados por la ley. Los implementos personales de trabajo no podrán ser embargados por ningún motivo. No obstante, para protección de la familia del trabajador y por orden judicial, sí podrá retenerse y entregarse parte del salario a quien corresponda;
f) Fijación periódica del salario mínimo de conformidad con la ley;
g) La jornada ordinaria de trabajo efectivo diurno no puede exceder de ocho horas diarias de trabajo, ni de cuarenta y cuatro horas a la semana, equivalente a cuarenta y ocho horas para los efectos exclusivos del pago del salario.
La jornada ordinaria de trabajo efectivo nocturno no puede exceder de seis horas diarias, ni de treinta y seis a la semana. La jornada ordinaria de trabajo efectivo mixto no puede exceder de siete horas diarias, ni de cuarenta y dos a la semana. Todo trabajo efectivamente realizado fuera de las jornadas ordinarias, constituye jornada extraordinaria y debe ser remunerada como tal. La ley determinará las situaciones de excepción muy calificadas en las que no son aplicables las disposiciones relativas a las jornadas de trabajo.
Quienes por disposición de la ley, por la costumbre o por acuerdo con los empleadores laboren menos de cuarenta y cuatro horas semanales en jornada diurna, treinta y seis en jornada nocturna, o cuarenta y dos en jornada mixta, tendrán derecho a percibir íntegro el salario semanal.
Se entiende por trabajo efectivo todo el tiempo que el trabajador permanezca a las órdenes o a disposición del empleador.
h) Derecho del trabajador a un día de descanso remunerado por cada semana ordinaria de trabajo o por cada seis días consecutivos de labores. Los días de asueto reconocidos por la ley también serán remunerados;
i) Derecho del trabajador a quince días hábiles de vacaciones anuales pagadas después de cada año de servicios continuos, a excepción de los trabajadores de empresas agropecuarias, quienes tendrán derecho de diez días hábiles. Las vacaciones deberán ser efectivas y no podrá el empleador compensar este derecho en forma distinta, salvo cuando ya adquirido cesare la relación del trabajo;
j) Obligación del empleador de otorgar cada año un aguinaldo no menor del ciento por ciento del salario mensual, o el que ya estuviere establecido si fuere mayor a los trabajadores que hubieren laborado durante un año ininterrumpido y anterior a la fecha del otorgamiento. La ley regulará su forma de pago. A los trabajadores que tuvieren menos del año de servicios, tal aguinaldo les será cubierto proporcionalmente al tiempo laborado;
k) Protección a la mujer trabajadora y regulación de las condiciones en que debe prestar sus servicios.
No deben establecerse diferencias entre casadas y solteras en materia de trabajo. La ley regulará la protección a la maternidad de la mujer trabajadora, a quien no se le debe exigir ningún trabajo que requiera esfuerzo que ponga en peligro su gravidez. La madre trabajadora gozará de un descanso forzoso retribuido con el cinto por ciento de su salario, durante los treinta días que precedan al parto y los cuarenta y cinco días siguientes. En la época de la lactancia tendrá derecho a dos períodos de descanso extraordinarios, dentro de la jornada. Los descansos pre y postnatal serán ampliados según sus condiciones físicas, por prescripción médica;
…
r) El establecimiento de instituciones económicas y de previsión social que, en beneficio de los trabajadores, otorguen prestaciones de todo orden especialmente por invalidez, jubilación y sobrevivencia;
… (Art. 102)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English
...
(2) Every citizen shall have the following freedoms:
…
(f) freedom to practice any profession, carry on any occupation and establish and operate any industry, trade and business in any part of Nepal.
… (Art. 17) - Nepali
...
(२) प्रत्येक नागरिकलाई देहायको स्वतन्त्रता हुनेछ ः–
...
(च) नेपालको कुनै पनि भागमा पेशा, रोजगार गर्ने र उद्योग, व्यापार तथा व्यवसायको स्थापना र सञ्चालन गर्ने स्वतन्त्रता ।
... (धारा १७)
Employment Rights and Protection
- English1. The family sector shall play a fundamental role in meeting the basic needs of the people.
2. The State shall support and provide incentives for family sector production, and shall encourage peasants as well as individual workers to organize themselves into more advanced forms of production. (Art. 105) - Portuguese1. Na satisfação das necessidades essenciais da população, ao sector familiar cabe um papel fundamental.
2. O Estado incentiva e apoia a produção do sector familiar e encoraja os camponeses, bem como os trabalhadores individuais, a organizarem-se em formas mais avançadas de produção. (Art. 105)