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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
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2. The State shall recognize all forms of public and private property, and shall protect the rights of the owners by law.
… (Art. 5) - Mongolian
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2. Төр нь нийтийн болон хувийн өмчийн аливаа хэлбэрийг хүлээн зөвшөөрч, өмчлөгчийн эрхийг хуулиар хамгаална.
… (Тавдугаар зүйл)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English(1) The State may alienate for value any agricultural land vested in it, whether through the transfer of ownership to any other person or through the grant of a lease or other right of occupation or use, but any such alienation must be in accordance with the principles specified in section 289.
(2) The State may not alienate more than one piece of agricultural land to the same person and his or her dependants.
(3) An Act of Parliament must prescribe procedures for the alienation and allocation of agricultural land by the State, and any such law must be consistent with the principles specified in section 289. (Sec. 293)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishEvery person shall be equal under the law and shall be entitled to equal protection. The government shall take no action to discriminate against any person on the basis of sex, race, place of origin, language, religion or belief, social status or clan affiliation except for the preferential treatment of citizens, for the protection of minors, elderly, indigent, physically or mentally handicapped, and other similar groups, and in matters concerning intestate succession and domestic relations. No person shall be treated unfairly in legislative or executive investigation. (Art. IV, Sec. 5)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
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9. A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to own property, but shall not have the right to sell or transfer land or any immovable property to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan, except in keeping with laws enacted by Parliament.
… (Art. 7) - Dzongkha
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༩) འབྲུག་པའི་མི་སེར་ཅིག་ལུ་ རྒྱུ་དངོས་བདག་བཟུང་གི་ཐོབ་དབང་ཡོདཔ་ཨིན་རུང་ སྤྱི་ཚོགས་ཀྱིས་བརྩམས་པའི་ ཁྲིམས་དང་འཁྲིལ་ཏེ་མ་གཏོགས་ འབྲུག་པའི་མི་སེར་མ་ཡིན་མི་ཅིག་ལུ་ ས་ཆའམ་ བསྒུལ་མེད་ཀྱི་རྒྱུ་དངོས་གང་རུང་ཅིག་ བཙོང་ནི་ ཡང་ན་ མིང་ཐོ་སྤོ་ནིའི་ཐོབ་དབང་མེད།
་་་༼རྩ་ཚན་༧༽
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
16. Management of lands, land records
… (Schedule 6, List of Provincial Powers/Jurisdiction) - Nepali…
(१६) भूमि व्यवस्थापन, जग्गाको अभिलेख
... (अनुसूची–६, प्रदेशको अधिकारको सूची)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English…
II. In the framework of the unity of the State, and in accordance with this Constitution, the nations and rural native indigenous peoples enjoy the following rights:
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6. To the collective ownership of land and territories.
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17. To autonomous indigenous territorial management, and to the exclusive use and exploitation of renewable natural resources existing in their territory without prejudice to the legitimate rights acquired by third parties.
… (Art. 30) - Spanish…
II. En el marco de la unidad del Estado y de acuerdo con esta Constitución las naciones y pueblos indígena originario campesinos gozan de los siguientes derechos:
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6. A la titulación colectiva de tierras y territorios.
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17. A la gestión territorial indígena autónoma, y al uso y aprovechamiento exclusivo de los recursos naturales renovables existentes en su territorio sin perjuicio de los derechos legítimamente adquiridos por terceros.
… (Art. 30)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishNo person may succeed to any tofi'a or any title until he has attained the age of twenty one years, save for members of the Royal Family who shall be deemed to have attained maturity at eighteen years of age. (Clause 27)
- Tongan‘E ‘ikai ha taha ‘e ngofua ke hoko ko e ‘ea ki ha tofi‘a pe ha hingoa kae ‘oua kuo kakato hono uofulu mā taha ta‘u, tuku kehe ‘a kinautolu ‘i he fāmili ‘o e Tu‘i ‘a ia kuo pau ke lau kuo nau a‘u ki he ta‘u fakalao ‘i he ta‘u ‘e hongofulu-mā-valu. (Kupu 27)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe right of inheritance shall be maintained and governed by Shari'a law. (Art. 51)
- Arabicحق الإرث مصون وتحكمه الشريعة الإسلامية. (المادّة 51)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- EnglishThe social organization, customs, languages, creeds and traditions of Indians are recognized, as well as their original rights to the lands they traditionally occupy. The Union has the responsibility to delineate these lands and to protect and ensure respect for all their property.
§1°. Lands traditionally occupied by Indians are those on which they live on a permanent basis, those used for their productive activities, those indispensable for the preservation of environmental resources necessary for their well-being and those necessary for their physical and cultural reproduction, according to their uses, customs and traditions.
§2°. The lands traditionally occupied by Indians are destined for their permanent possession, and they shall be entitled to the exclusive usufruct of the riches of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon.
§3°. Utilization of water resources, including their energy potential, and prospecting and mining of mineral wealth on indigenous lands may only be done with the authorization of the National Congress, after hearing from the communities involved, which shall be assured of participation in the results of the mining, as provided by law.
§4°. The lands dealt with in this article are inalienable and nontransferable, and the statute of limitations does not run against rights thereto.
§5°. Removal of indigenous groups from their lands is prohibited except by referendum of the National Congress, in the event of a catastrophe or epidemic that places the population at risk or in the interest of national sovereignty, after deliberation of the National Congress, guaranteeing, under all circumstances, immediate return as soon as the risk ceases.
§6°. Acts aimed at the occupation, dominion and possession of the lands referred to in this article, or at exploitation of the natural wealth of the soil, rivers and lakes existing thereon, are null and void, producing no legal effects, except in the case of important public interest of the Union, according to the provisions of a complementary law; such nullity and extinction of acts shall not give rise to a right to compensation or to sue the Union, except, as provided by law, for improvements resulting from occupation in good faith.
§7°. The provisions of art. 174, §§ 3° and 4° do not apply to indigenous lands. (Art. 231) - PortugueseSão reconhecidos aos índios sua organização social, costumes, línguas, crenças e tradições, e os direitos originários sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam, competindo à União demarcá-las, proteger e fazer respeitar todos os seus bens.
§ 1º - São terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios as por eles habitadas em caráter permanente, as utilizadas para suas atividades produtivas, as imprescindíveis à preservação dos recursos ambientais necessários a seu bem-estar e as necessárias a sua reprodução física e cultural, segundo seus usos, costumes e tradições.
§ 2º - As terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos índios destinam-se a sua posse permanente, cabendo-lhes o usufruto exclusivo das riquezas do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes.
§ 3º - O aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos, incluídos os potenciais energéticos, a pesquisa e a lavra das riquezas minerais em terras indígenas só podem ser efetivados com autorização do Congresso Nacional, ouvidas as comunidades afetadas, ficando-lhes assegurada participação nos resultados da lavra, na forma da lei.
§ 4º - As terras de que trata este artigo são inalienáveis e indisponíveis, e os direitos sobre elas, imprescritíveis.
§ 5º - É vedada a remoção dos grupos indígenas de suas terras, salvo, "ad referendum" do Congresso Nacional, em caso de catástrofe ou epidemia que ponha em risco sua população, ou no interesse da soberania do País, após deliberação do Congresso Nacional, garantido, em qualquer hipótese, o retorno imediato logo que cesse o risco.
§ 6º - São nulos e extintos, não produzindo efeitos jurídicos, os atos que tenham por objeto a ocupação, o domínio e a posse das terras a que se refere este artigo, ou a exploração das riquezas naturais do solo, dos rios e dos lagos nelas existentes, ressalvado relevante interesse público da União, segundo o que dispuser lei complementar, não gerando a nulidade e a extinção direito a indenização ou a ações contra a União, salvo, na forma da lei, quanto às benfeitorias derivadas da ocupação de boa fé.
§ 7º - Não se aplica às terras indígenas o disposto no art. 174, § 3º e § 4º. (Art. 231)
Property, Inheritance and Land Tenure
- English
Every citizen has the duty to protect public property and the interests of the national collectivity, and to respect the property of others. (Art. 83)
- Arabic
يجب على كل مواطن أن يحمي الملكية العامة ومصالح المجموعة الوطنية، وأن يحترم ملكية الغير. (المادة 83)
- French
Tout citoyen a le devoir de protéger la propriété publique et les intérêts de la collectivité nationale, et de respecter la propriété d'autrui. (Art. 83)