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The Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database is a repository of gender equality related provisions in 194 constitutions from around the world. The Database was updated in partnership with the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and with support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of Japan. Experience its wealth and depth of information by starting your search now.
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Employment Rights and Protection
Guyana
- EnglishWomen’s participation in the various management and decision-making processes, whether private, public or state, shall be encouraged and facilitated by laws enacted for that purpose or otherwise. (Art. 29)
Employment Rights and Protection
Iran, Islamic Republic of
- EnglishThe economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its objectives of achieving the economic independence of the society, uprooting poverty and deprivation, and fulfilling human needs in the process of development while preserving human liberty, is based on the following criteria:
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2. ensuring conditions and opportunities of employment for everyone, with a view to attaining full employment; placing the means of work at the disposal of everyone who is able to work but lacks the means, in the form of cooperatives, through granting interest free loans or recourse to any other legitimate means that neither results in the concentration or circulation of wealth in the hands of a few individuals or groups, nor turns the government into a major absolute employer. These steps must be taken with due regard for the requirements governing the general economic planning of the country at each stage of its growth;
3. the plan for the national economy, must be structured in such a manner that the form, content, and hours of work of every individual will allow him sufficient leisure and energy to engage, beyond his professional endeavour, in intellectual, political, and social activities leading to all-round development of his self, to take active part in leading the affairs of the country, improve his skills, and to make full use of his creativity;
4. respect for the right to choose freely one's occupation; refraining from compelling anyone to engage in a particular job; and preventing the exploitation of another's labour;
… (Art. 43) - Persianبرای تأمین استقلال اقتصادی جامعه و ریشهکن کردن فقر و محرومیت و برآوردن نیازهای انسان در جریان رشد، با حفظ آزادگی او، اقتصاد جمهوری اسلامی ایران بر اساس ضوابط زیر استوار میشود:
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2- تأمین شرایط و امکانات کار برای همه به منظور رسیدن به اشتغال کامل و قرار دادن وسایل کار در اختیار همه کسانی که قادر به کارند ولی وسایل کار ندارند، در شکل تعاونی، از راه وام بدون بهره یا هر راه مشروع دیگر که نه به تمرکز و تداول ثروت در دست افراد و گروههای خاص منتهی شود و نه دولت را بهصورت یک کارفرمای بزرگ مطلق درآورد. این اقدام باید با رعایت ضرورتهای حاکم بر برنامهریزی عمومی اقتصاد کشور در هر یک از مراحل رشد صورت گیرد.
3- تنظیم برنامه اقتصادی کشور به صورتی که شکل و محتوا و ساعت کار چنان باشد که هر فرد علاوه بر تلاش شغلی، فرصت و توان کافی برای خودسازی معنوی، سیاسی و اجتماعی و شرکت فعال در رهبری کشور و افزایش مهارت و ابتکار داشته باشد.
4- رعایت آزادی انتخاب شغل، و عدم اجبار افراد به کاری معین و جلوگیری از بهرهکشی از کار دیگری.
… (اصل 43)
Employment Rights and Protection
Monaco
- EnglishMonegasques are entitled to the assistance of the State in the event of … unemployment … and maternity in the circumstances and manner laid down by law. (Art. 26)
- FrenchLes Monégasques ont droit à l'aide de l'Etat en cas … chômage … et maternité, dans les conditions et formes prévues par la loi. (Art. 26)
Employment Rights and Protection
Niger
- EnglishThe Law determines the fundamental principles:
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- of the right to work [droit du travail], of social security, … (Art. 100) - FrenchLa loi détermine les principes fondamentaux :
...
- du droit du travail, de la sécurité sociale, ... (Art. 100)
Employment Rights and Protection
Mexico
- EnglishEvery person has the right to dignified and socially useful work. To this effect, the creation of jobs [empleos] and the social organization of work shall be promoted, in accordance with the law.
The Congress of the Union, without contravening the following bases[,] must adopt laws concerning work, which will govern:
A. Among the workers, day laborers, domestic servants, artisans and in a general manner any contract of labor:
I. The maximum duration of the workday will be eight hours.
II. The maximum workday for night work will be seven hours. [The following] are prohibited: unhealthful or hazardous work, industrial night work, and any other work after ten [o'clock] at night, for those less than sixteen years [old];
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IV. For each six days of work the worker [operario] must enjoy one day of rest, at the least.
V. Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and [which] signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children;
VI. The minimum wages [salarios] that the workers must receive will be general or professional [profesionales]. The first will govern in the geographic areas that are determined; the second will be applied in specified [determinadas] branches of economic activity or in special professions, occupations [oficios], or special labors [trabajos]. …
The general minimum wages [salarios] must be sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of the head of [a] family of the material, social and cultural order, and to provide for the obligatory education of his children. The minimum professional wages will be established considering, as well, the conditions of the specific [distintas] economic activities.
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VII. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex or nationality into account.
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XV. The employer [patrón] will be obligated to observe, in accordance with the nature of their enterprise, the legal precepts concerning hygiene and safety in the installations of their establishments, and to adopt the measures adequate to prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments, and materials of work, as well as to organize these in such manner, that the greater guarantee for the health and life of the workers results, and of the unborn [producto de la concepción], when it concerns pregnant women. The laws will provide [contendrán], to this effect, the sanctions that proceed in each case;
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B. Between the Powers of the Union and their workers:
I. The maximum work day [jornada diaria] of day and night work will be of eight and seven hours respectively. Those that exceed [it] will be overtime [extraordinarias] and will be paid [at] one hundred percent greater than the remuneration established for ordinary service. In no case may overtime exceed three hours a day or three consecutive times [veces];
II. For each six days of work, a worker will enjoy [disfrutará] one day of rest, at [the] least, with enjoyment [goce] of full wages;
III. The workers will enjoy vacations that will not be less than twenty days a year;
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V. For equal work equal wages must correspond, without taking sex into account;
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XI. Social security [seguridad social] will be organized in accordance with the following minimum bases:
a) It will cover occupational [profesionales] accidents and infirmities; the non-occupational infirmities and maternity; and retirement, disability, old age, and death.
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c) Women during pregnancy shall not perform [realizará] work that requires considerable effort and that signifies a danger to their health in relation to gestation; they will necessarily [forsozamente] enjoy a leave of absence [descanso] of six weeks prior to the approximate date established for the delivery and [of] six weeks subsequent to it, and they must receive their complete salary and retain [conservar] their job [empleo] and the rights that have been acquired by the work agreement [relación de trabajo]. In the time of nursing [lactancia] they will have two extra ordinary rest periods [descansos] per day, of half an hour each one, for the nursing of their children In addition, they will enjoy medical and obstetrical assistance, medicines, aids during lactation, and infant care services.
d) The families of the workers [trabajadores] will have the right to medical assistance and medicines, in those cases and in the proportion that the law determines.
e) Centers for vacations and recuperation, as well as economical stores for [tiendas] the benefit of the workers [trabajadores] and their families, shall be established.
… (Art. 123)4 - SpanishToda persona tiene derecho al trabajo digno y socialmente útil; al efecto, se promoverán la creación de empleos y la organización social de trabajo, conforme a la ley.
El Congreso de la Unión, sin contravenir a las bases siguientes deberá expedir leyes sobre el trabajo, las cuales regirán:
A. Entre los obreros, jornaleros, empleados domésticos, artesanos y de una manera general, todo contrato de trabajo:
I. La duración de la jornada máxima será de ocho horas.
II. La jornada máxima de trabajo nocturno será de 7 horas. Quedan prohibidas: las labores insalubres o peligrosas, el trabajo nocturno industrial y todo otro trabajo después de las diez de la noche, de los menores de dieciséis años;
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IV. Por cada seis días de trabajo deberá disfrutar el operario de un día de descanso, cuando menos.
V. Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un descanso de seis semanas anteriores a la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y seis semanas posteriores al mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno para alimentar a sus hijos;
VI. Los salarios mínimos que deberán disfrutar los trabajadores serán generales o profesionales. Los primeros regirán en las áreas geográficas que se determinen; los segundos se aplicarán en ramas determinadas de la actividad económica o en profesiones, oficios o trabajos especiales. …
Los salarios mínimos generales deberán ser suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades normales de un jefe de familia, en el orden material, social y cultural, y para proveer a la educación obligatoria de los hijos. Los salarios mínimos profesionales se fijarán considerando, además, las condiciones de las distintas actividades económicas.
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VII. Para trabajo igual debe corresponder salario igual, sin tener en cuenta sexo ni nacionalidad;
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XV. El patrón estará obligado a observar, de acuerdo con la naturaleza de su negociación, los preceptos legales sobre higiene y seguridad en las instalaciones de su establecimiento, y a adoptar las medidas adecuadas para prevenir accidentes en el uso de las máquinas, instrumentos y materiales de trabajo, así como a organizar de tal manera éste, que resulte la mayor garantía para la salud y la vida de los trabajadores, y del producto de la concepción, cuando se trate de mujeres embarazadas. Las leyes contendrán, al efecto, las sanciones procedentes en cada caso;
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B. Entre los Poderes de la Unión y sus trabajadores:
I. La jornada diaria máxima de trabajo diurna y nocturna será de ocho y siete horas respectivamente. Las que excedan serán extraordinarias y se pagarán con un ciento por ciento más de la remuneración fijada para el servicio ordinario. En ningún caso el trabajo extraordinario podrá exceder de tres horas diarias ni de tres veces consecutivas;
II. Por cada seis días de trabajo, disfrutará el trabajador de un día de descanso, cuando menos, con goce de salario íntegro;
III. Los trabajadores gozarán de vacaciones que nunca serán menores de veinte días al año;
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V. A trabajo igual corresponderá salario igual, sin tener en cuenta el sexo;
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XI. La seguridad social se organizará conforme a las siguientes bases mínimas:
a) Cubrirá los accidentes y enfermedades profesionales; las enfermedades no profesionales y maternidad; y la jubilación, la invalidez, vejez y muerte.
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c) Las mujeres durante el embarazo no realizarán trabajos que exijan un esfuerzo considerable y signifiquen un peligro para su salud en relación con la gestación; gozarán forzosamente de un mes de descanso antes de la fecha fijada aproximadamente para el parto y de otros dos después del mismo, debiendo percibir su salario íntegro y conservar su empleo y los derechos que hubieren adquirido por la relación de trabajo. En el período de lactancia tendrán dos descansos extraordinarios por día, de media hora cada uno, para alimentar a sus hijos. Además, disfrutarán de asistencia médica y obstétrica, de medicinas, de ayudas para la lactancia y del servicio de guarderías infantiles.
d) Los familiares de los trabajadores tendrán derecho a asistencia médica y medicinas, en los casos y en la proporción que determine la ley.
e) Se establecerán centros para vacaciones y para recuperación, así como tiendas económicas para beneficio de los trabajadores y sus familiares.
… (Art. 123)
Employment Rights and Protection
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
- EnglishWork is the noble duty and honour of a citizen.
Citizens shall willingly and conscientiously participate in work and strictly observe labour discipline and working hours. (Art. 83) - Korean로동은 공민의 신성한 의무이며 영예이다.
공민은 로동에 자각적으로 성실히 참가하며 로동규률과 로동시간을 엄격히 지켜야 한다. (제83조)
Employment Rights and Protection
Portugal
- English1. Regardless of age, sex, race, citizenship, place of origin, religion and political and ideological convictions, every worker has the right:
a) To the remuneration of his work in accordance with its volume, nature and quality, with respect for the principle of equal pay for equal work and in such a way as to guarantee a proper living;
b) That work be organised under conditions of social dignity and in such a way as to provide personal fulfilment and to make it possible to reconcile work and family life;
c) To work in conditions that are hygienic, safe and healthy;
d) To rest and leisure time, a maximum limit on the working day, a weekly rest period and periodic paid holidays;
e) To material assistance when he involuntarily finds himself in a situation of unemployment;
f) To assistance and fair reparation when he is the victim of a work-related accident or occupational illness.
2. The state is charged with ensuring the working, remuneratory and rest-related conditions to which workers are entitled, particularly by:
a) Establishing and updating a national minimum wage which, among other factors, shall have regard to workers' needs, increases in the cost of living, the level of development of the forces of production, the demands of economic and financial stability, and the accumulation of capital for development purposes;
b) Setting national limits on working hours;
c) Especially protecting the work done by women during pregnancy and following childbirth, as well as the work done by minors, the disabled and those whose occupations are particularly strenuous or are undertaken in unhealthy, toxic or dangerous conditions;
d) In cooperation with social organisations, ensuring the systematic development of a network of rest and holiday centres;
e) Protecting emigrant workers' working conditions and guaranteeing their social benefits;
f) Protecting student workers' working conditions.
3. Salaries shall enjoy special guarantees, as laid down by law. (Art. 59) - Portuguese1. Todos os trabalhadores, sem distinção de idade, sexo, raça, cidadania, território de origem, religião, convicções políticas ou ideológicas, têm direito:
a) À retribuição do trabalho, segundo a quantidade, natureza e qualidade, observando-se o princípio de que para trabalho igual salário igual, de forma a garantir uma existência condigna;
b) A organização do trabalho em condições socialmente dignificantes, de forma a facultar a realização pessoal e a permitir a conciliação da actividade profissional com a vida familiar;
c) A prestação do trabalho em condições de higiene, segurança e saúde;
d) Ao repouso e aos lazeres, a um limite máximo da jornada de trabalho, ao descanso semanal e a férias periódicas pagas;
e) À assistência material, quando involuntariamente se encontrem em situação de desemprego;
f) A assistência e justa reparação, quando vítimas de acidente de trabalho ou de doença profissional.
2. Incumbe ao Estado assegurar as condições de trabalho, retribuição e repouso a que os trabalhadores têm direito, nomeadamente:
a) O estabelecimento e a actualização do salário mínimo nacional, tendo em conta, entre outros factores, as necessidades dos trabalhadores, o aumento do custo de vida, o nível de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, as exigências da estabilidade económica e financeira e a acumulação para o desenvolvimento;
b) A fixação, a nível nacional, dos limites da duração do trabalho;
c) A especial protecção do trabalho das mulheres durante a gravidez e após o parto, bem como do trabalho dos menores, dos diminuídos e dos que desempenhem actividades particularmente violentas ou em condições insalubres, tóxicas ou perigosas;
d) O desenvolvimento sistemático de uma rede de centros de repouso e de férias, em cooperação com organizações sociais;
e) A protecção das condições de trabalho e a garantia dos benefícios sociais dos trabalhadores emigrantes;
f) A protecção das condições de trabalho dos trabalhadores estudantes.
3. Os salários gozam de garantias especiais, nos termos da lei. (Art. 59)
Employment Rights and Protection
Sierra Leone
- English1. The State shall within the context of the ideals and objectives for which provisions are made in this Constitution—
...
c. protect the right of any citizen to engage in any economic activity without prejudice to the rights of any other person to participate in areas of the economy;
... (Sec. 7)